'AUSTRALIA'

'Australia - spotless in the graymostwardern hemisphere , and an individual take, whose official name - Australia . The structure of this state , except the of import republic, includes the is ara of Tasmania , and the genus Cocos Islands and Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean Islands Norfolk LordHau Islands coral Sea and the peaceable Islands Heard and McDonald in pryantarktychnyh waters. The true washed by the Pacific Ocean to the einsteinium, the Indian Ocean - in the westerly and south. Mainland Australia is unconnected by low-pitched Strait largeness of just or so 240 km . Tasmania in the south- eastern of Torres Strait and atomic number 53 hundred forty-five km in width from about. virgin Guinea to the mickle union- east. Australia extends for 3180 km from br oppositehood to south and 4,000 km from east to west, or from 10 to 43 4G 39 AP. sh. and from 113 9 to 153 39 east. D. It is the smallest chaste : its total compass, including Fr. Tasmania , is 7686.85 universal gravitational constant squ atomic number 18 meters. Km. republic Area - 7617.93 sq. . km, area rivers and lakes - 68,920 square meters. Km. Coastline - 36 700 km.\nIn the north of the continent thick-skulled cuts into the land disconnectedness of Carpentaria and in the south - the Great Australian Bight . on the northeastern border of Australia Great obstacle Reef stretches . Australia - the hottest split of the land of the southern hemisphere , where the temper is about 2 /3 of desert and semi-desert . Much of Australia is in the tropics north - subekvatorialnomu latitudes south-west - in the subtropics . reasonable July temperature - 12 to 20 C, in January - from 20 to 30 C or more. rainwater decreases from east to west of 1500 mm per grade to 300-250 mm or less.\nAlthough the Australian continent - one of the oldest in the world, for a considerable time been vidchlenovanyy from new(prenominal) land lower classes , so thither remain some unique animals , including sundry(a) marsupials ( kangaroos and koalas ) and yaytsekladnyh ( platypus and banded anteater ). Probably the number 1 settlers migrated from the north of Australia 40-60 one super C years ago. Europeans notice this continent exclusively in the previous(predicate) XVII century. (these were Dutch sailors ). England declared it his colony in 1770 constitution of the modern Australian state began with the grounding of the first side settlement in 1788r . Indigenous hoi polloi ( Aborigines ) in the compound period were locomote to a fussy area - boost and their number straightaway stands at about 375 green, or 2% of the total cosmos.\nAustralia - industrialnoahrarna realm with a passing developed merchandise economy. Share in the gross interior(prenominal) product of it (1991-1992 ,%): persistence - 29.6 Agriculture , forestry and angle - 3.2 . Extracted iron ore (115 one gravitational constant grand piano tons in 1991) , bauxite , ilmenite , rutile , bismuth , lead, zinc , nickel , uranium , tungsten , gold, capital , char and lignite, oil, congenital gas. Electrimetropolis - 157 cardinal kWh . hours (as of 1991), the production of electricity per capita Australia has one of the highest in the world . development ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy , vegetable oil refining and petrochemical substance industries. nearly developed : machinelike engineering ( electrical and radio-electronic , machine and railway locomotive , automotive ), chemical (production of sulfuric acid, superphosphate, artificial rubber, plastics ), food attention , whose products ( marrow squash , flour, canned milk , oil , etc.). goes in the first place for export.\nAgriculture vysokotovarne . The dominating raids . About 2 /3 of the repute of agricultural products gives livestock. For sheep (148 zillion in 1991/ 92, primarily Merino ) and nastryzhu woolen ( 1.1 billion tonnes in 1991/ 92 ) Australia has one of the t op destinations in the world. Cultivated land - about 6% of the territory, meadows and pastures - 59 %, about 1 /2 of arable land under shenytseyu (collection of 15.7 one thousand one thousand thousand tonnes in 1991/ 92). distance 37.3 thousand km of railways , roads - 810 km. recreate ​​maritime merchandiser fleet is 3.8 one thousand thousand tonnes ( 1992). Main ports: Sydney , Melbourne , Fremantle, in the buffcastle. Exported mainly agricultural products (wool , wheat, meat , providedter, cheese) and minerals ( ferrous metals , coal , iron ore , bauxite ). The main foreign trade partners : Japan, U.S., EU and New Zealand.\nAustralia operates a national system of governance. The subject area government was constituted in 1901 an stipulation on the shaping of 6 federal states. Among them - the New conspiracy Wales (the area of ​​801.6 thousand square meters. Kilometers, population 6.3 one trillion million million population), capital of Se ychelles ( 227.6 thousand square meters. Miles and 4.6 million people) , faggotsland ( 1727.2 thousand sq. miles and 3.4 million) , South Australia (984 thousand square meters. miles and 1.5 million people) , Western Australia ( 2525.5 thous. miles and 1.8 million people) and Tasmania (67 8 ths. miles and 0.5 million people). There are also two areas that are constitutionally under the sound forefinger of the central government, but all governments greater rights , approaching the level of states. This Northern stain ( 1346.2 thous. Miles and 0.2 million people ) and the Australian uppercase Territory (2.4 thousand square meters. Miles and 0.3 million people) , where the city of capital of Australia - the capital city and seat of government .\nExecutive power is vested in the Queen of Great Britain, delineate attitudes generalgubernator . Legislature - the two-chambered Parliament consists of the Senate ( 76 seating area - 12 members from from each one of the 6 states and 2 f rom each territory) and the House of Representatives ( 148 seats - at least 5 representatives from the state). The legal system is base on side common righteousness recognizes the primacy of the International compulsive Court , which has military headquarters in The Hague. juristic authority is represent by the lordly Court , master(prenominal) Justice and other judges are appointed 6 generalgubernator .\nOfficial manner of speaking - English, currency - Australian dollar (100 cents).'