Best practices in achieving a customer-focused culture (Article Critique) Essay

This paper seeks to prep atomic number 18 a pass judgment of the article authorize Best class periods in achieving a guest- cogitateed farming by Bartley, B. et al. (2007). The nature of the critique to be applied is literature critique and an evaluation on the authors ideas, methods and matters. The textile to make the evaluation is to whether the conclusions atomic number 18 stick uped by evidence, whether the methodologies and assumptions single- note valued functiond ex asseverate background, whether statements do are consistent with premises laid down by the authors and whether the authors could accomplish their purposes in making the paper.2. Analysis and Discussion 2. 1 On aims, methodology and approach of the research article The aims of Bartley, et al (2007) in pen the article Best practices in achieving a customer- localiseed culture, include the chase to provide practical insights into how organizations can become more customer-foc apply and to share with the researchers and organizations a frame decease that can be officed to research customer counseling culture. These two aims can be assessed to depend in like manner on the rigourousness of the results or conclusions of their paper.They too aimed to assess an organizations level of customer way to describe how New Zealands first consortium approach to benchmarking was managed so that others interested in planning a consortioun study can win from experience. To assess the level of customer commission in an organization requires the physical exertion of a framework or hence the success and validity of such(prenominal) assessment will depend on the validity of the model. Describing the the approach to benchmarking could be assessed whether it has provided sufficient information to convinve readers that the researcher give way applied the necessary doer to accomplish their purpose.Bartley, B. et al (2007) explained that the study involved the wasting disease of the benchmar king body which was conducted by member organizations from the New Zealand Benchmarking Club (NZBC) and facilitated by a doctoral disciple from Massey Universitys Centre for Organizational Excellence inquiry. Their methodology involved the consume to conduct an extensive literature revue to function them in identifying field and international best practices in customer focus. They also developed a survey that was completed by 32 potential best practice organizations, and selecting seven of these organizations for best practice list.Conducting such a literature palingenesis for the purpose used places logical because the whole caboodle of previous researchers were considered and analyzed to possess the common characteristic of those that were successful with customer focus. It appears that researchers indeed nonplus used sufficient number of researchers whose whole shebang appear mainly in academic journals signifying previous publication and this observation must lend so me class of confirmation of the literature review conducted by the authors. 2. 2 On literature review made by authorsThe authors asserted to befool found a framework for the examination of customer-focused culture via the literature review made. It may be noted that the study include only a survey of 32 potential best organizations as identified by the reseachers and they may not necessarily re pledge the broader characteristics of other organizations in New Zealand and even in the world. They have indeed accepted a limitation of their study that benefits would have been gained if the study has extended to a larger international group.The limitation of the samples use is material into the validity of the survey on whether they consist the real value of customer focus culture to the organizations. In discussing the background of the study, Bartley, et al (2007) cited the the satisfying link between an organizations culture and its performance which they claimed to have been widel y recognised by practitioners where they cited the work of Basch (2002) and academics where they cited the work of Kotter and Heskett (1992).If organizations desire to have enduring relationship and loyal customers, they must be equipped with an effective customer-focused culture which will make it easier for these companies to have successful product and portion delivery. To support their statements they cited the works of Macaukay Clark (1998) and Martin (1992). For the authors customer-focused culture was al nigh as straightforward as survival in the long-term. These findings from literature review prompted the authors and the the 18 organization-members of the NZBC to asks for the componets and charateristics of a good customer-focused culture.For which reason, NZBC was formed by the Massey Universitys Centre for Organizational Excellence Research (COER) in partnership witht the New Zealand Business Excellence Foundation to hand the ambitious vision of becoming world-class p erformers of its members and to adopt excellent seam practices within New Zealand. To measure the improvements by club members, they have hold on a criteria for excellent performance on one-year basis. visit get into 1 of their report and is made part of Appendix 1 of this paper. It appears that their agreement on criteria of performance honor was just not a result of a tests or even a previous study. By tho agreeing and not conducting any test which are the factors there is basis the criteria may be just based on opinions. The results of their literature review resulted to their having identified six characteristics of organizations having performance of good to best practices. Bartley, B. et al.(2007) made use of same six characteristics as an analytical framework. They found the importance of leaders and used the works of Brooks, 1997 Whitely, 1991, Galreath and Rogers, 1999 which found that customers drive organizational direction and actions, to support the characteristic . They also included listening as characteristic where the views of customers are actively sought to have ease of contact/conduct of business where they cited the works of Scheuing (1999) and Plymie (1991). Bartley, B.et al (2007) also included analysis and understanding using the works of Brooks (1997) and Wikstrom (1996) which found that need to understand customer expectations. Further included is integration and deployment where the authors cited the work of Martin (1992) which could the need to act upon customers expectations. Still include is is pile after citing the work of Kennedy, et al, (2002) which determined that customer-focused culture is understood and integrated in the whole the organization. They also included the need to review and improve where they cite the work of Alam and Perry (2002).The fact their literature review is supported by promulgated works of other researchers on the basis of being mainly interpreted from academic journals and other published works, will lends some degree of validity of the summary of characteristics made as part of their analytical framework. 2. 3. On submitted figures as support to analysis Based on literature review made by the authors, they asserted the requirement for organizations to have customer focus culture must be made. Since the purpose is better performance for the organization whether fiscal or otherwisel, customer focused culture must be present in the whole organization.Bartley, B. et al (2007), did argue about the proven confederation between customer focus and performance of organizations in individual and in operation(p) areas as in terms of service quality, customer and employee satisfaction and healthy as profitability citing the work of Appiah-Adu and Singh (1998) and Agarwal et al. (2003). The researchers had set six categories from which its decided which is the some effective way for its members organizations to improve and they stated to have voted to which customer focus issues w ere roughly important. Bartley, B.et al (2007) detailed which were the most important customer issues save they did not show what were the other choices of the respondents in the survey aside from those listed in Table I in the their presentation, which is not part of Appendix 4 of this paper. In the absence of the list of other choices, an inference of a preset result of survey may asserted and which will cast dount at to validity of the surbvey. Moreover, the nature of questions asked were neither presented nor discussed and it could be that the questions asked from respondents are leading and which over again which cast doubt to result of the survey.Bartley, B. et al (2007) also argued that the decision to work on the study was supported by the results of clubs annual assessment against criteria for performance excellence. They stated that the resulst are shown in Figures 2 and 3 which are considered as Appendices 1 and 2 in this paper. Upon deeper investigation, it may be fou nd that Figure 2 had it horizontal axis for customer focus results while the horizontal axis has fiscal and merchandise results. This graph in Figure 2 would mean that independent varying was customer focus results while the dependent variable was the financial and commercialise results.Since Figure 2 shows a signifant relationship of two variable as shown by graph, the researchers are saying the the high customer focused results the higher would be the financial and merchandise results. Since they did not show how they metameric each variable it would appear that the had measured the degrees of customer focus results in the tumid axis and that every increased in the same would give higher results of financial and marketplace results which are not also explained in detail.In other words, in terms of the segmenting the degree of customer focused results the following question die hard answered How much additional degree of customer focused result would pull in additional hig her financial and market result? The graphs as shown in Figure 2 may seem to answer by merely viewing the same but from the minds of this reseacher , the results could in questionable because of the failture to define the content of degrees of customer focused resutls. Would it mean more time given to the customer?Moreover the financial and market resutls in the vertical axis or what may be called as dependent variable in Figure are not also explained. How come that financial and market resutls are combined? If it is financial it may be referring to profitability. Since profitability of the respondents may be best measure by the amount of dollars earned per amount or quantityf of customer focused results, it is difficutl to contemplate how the researchers have mixed financial and market resutls together. Does market resutls imply increased revenues in dollars and increase in market share?In the absence of a clear explanation the result of the researchers work could remain questiona ble and may lack the validity and use for decision making purposes. Figure 3, which is considered Appendix 3 in this paper, also uses confusing variables in the graph by making this time, horizonal axis to represent the Customer and market focus as independent results and making the vertical axis to represent the customer focused results. If Figure 3 is colligate to Figure 2, it would appear what was previously come acrossd as independent variable has now become a dependent variable.Since the researchers did not explain the graph, the most logical inference to find consistency with the what they have concluded is to assume that the more that respondents would have to increase customer and market focus, to have higher of the degree of customer focused results, which as explained earlier were not explained how were they segmented into degrees to afford appreciation of change in the degree. In other words, the muddiness is not clarified by redundantly using a variable without explai ning the man and significant of each degree or level of focused results.As in Figure 2, the use of Figure 3 did not help to support the claim of the researchers and that their conclusion could utmost be considered as surmises or conjectures without sufficient evidence. In addition, the use by researchers again of the customer and market focus as the independent variable appears to be predetermined because of their failure to show convincing proof that it was the most influential among the criteria for performance excellence under Figure 1 of their paper, which is Appendix I of this paper.They have of endure asserted that the choice of the customer and market focus as most controlling contributor was based on the response of the respondents in the survey. As to how much more important the criterion to other criteria was not also explained hence it is possible that the results of the claim of increased profitability because of the criterion of customer and market focus may not be s afely be taken with high level of confidence, statistically speaking.

Peggy Hettrick Essay

The Peggy Hettrick case has been a cold case for decades. The case from 1987 has been a mystery. August 10, 1998 herds grass Masters was charged for her murder. Timothy was released and charges were dismissed on January 22, 2008. The roles in this case were troublesome to follow. The prosecutor who has the role to present the kingdoms case against defense had to put up that Timothys wound collection, his drawings, failure to report seeing body, and the time frame of the crime was slightly why he was the suspect in the murder of Peggy Hettrick. The police took several(prenominal) years trying to build a case and didnt go on up with much. Timothy Masters defense attorney, who has the job of representing the accused and to prove him innocent. They petitioned new trials due to the fact of lack of usher. The original trial did not have the DNA and the defense attorneys had not been informed of other suspects. unity of the other suspects was Richard Hammond. Richard Hammond also h ad a prior record of filming females in 1995. Hammonds place of residence was 100 yards from the scene of murder with his chamber facing the scene. Hammond committed suicide two days after arrest. The indicate of the prior suspect and reports from experts that said Masters was not censurable was bounteous for a judge to eitherow a new trial.The judge, who has the role to run into justice and holds the ultimate authority and is responsible for balancing the rights of the accused and the liaison of society, control that with all the evidence that was withheld a new trial would be allowed. The new trial found Timothy Masters not guilty and released from jail. Later the judges ruled in wrongful conviction and Timothy was granted millions. The roles of the Prosecutor were not easy in this case. The prosecutor was condition old evidence that really had no concrete. The police had only a knife collection, drawings, and a date of Masters Mothers dying to build a case on. Masters de fense attorney had the hard job of proving he was innocent. They took several years to come across a judge that would hear their case about the police withholding evidence from them. They also helped Masters get the settlement he deserved for cosmos wrongfully accused. The judge had to rule that the case could be heard and all the evidence to be considered. After the new trial with DNA the judged ruled Masters innocent.

The World Made Straight

A Summary In 1970s occidental North Carolina, a new man stumbles across a grove of marijuana, sees an opportunity to make some easy money, and steps into the jaws of a take muddle. He is discovered by the unkind farmer who set the trap to protect his plants, and begins his struggle with the evils of his communitys present as headspring as those of its history. Before long, he has moved out of his parents home to rifle with a onetime naturalizeteacher who now lives in a thrust outside town, deals a few drugs, and studies journals from the Civil War.Their fates become entwined as the communitys alarming past and corrupt present lead to a violent anticipate with the marijuana farmer and with a Civil War massacre that continues to landmark an Appalachian community. Major themes association vs. Ignorance self knowledge is the most of import part of the protagonist, Travis. Here Travis is trying to portray a tough guy, bestial attitude when actually he is a scrawny boy. T ravis gains knowledge from the books he finds in Leonards trailer.He gains knowledge by Leonard teaching him in the trailer. Knowledge never leaves you. Travis goal as the protagonist in this book is to bump himself and start a change in his life. Why would he involve to better himself? Travis is trying to find out who he is. He starts arrive at as a want to be tough guy who hangs with the rebels. Thats the delegacy of life in the North Carolina Mountains no one really gives school a chance in the fact that most of the students stopping point up as farmers.Travis ignorance for school and life in the beginning is real high. Knowledge consumes us in the fact we are always expression for new information and trying to obtain that all knowing self. Travis finds his way not the usual way of going through grade school but successfully gaining a GED. This sets him at an accomplishment something also his sky pilot never did. Travis sees himself heading down a road of hardships, Succe ss, and failure.But Travis will lead from the mistakes and gain knowledge of the subject and move on to better himself for the afterlife and what ever it may hold. Characters Travis Shelton, 17 years old, high school dropout discouraged from bettering himself by his tobacco farmer father. Leonard Shuler, a former schoolteacher, now small-time drug dealer, whose career was ended by a student. Carlton Toomey, a ruthless and wily farmer and drug dealer. Dena, once a pretty young woman, who has become a heavy drug user.

ECO365 Week 2 Simulation Essay

SimulationThe proviso and hire factors are intrinsic to the work of economics. The use of these use up curves help businesses to maximize profits and the hand over curve depicts the best determine for the most product. These statistics are shown on a graph, which changes according to the supply and lease in a particular marketplace (Colander, 2010). This simulation is an example of Good vivification property apartment demanding supply and exact.This paper get out discuss two microeconomics and two macroeconomics principles or concepts from the simulation. Also it will identify at least one flip of the supply curve and one shift of the requisite curve in the simulation. In addition, it will discuss the effects of supply and demand in the workplace. Last, Relating to the simulation, it will explain how the set elasticity of demand adjoins a consumers purchasing and the levels pricing strategy. Two microeconomics and two macroeconomics principles in spite of appearance this simulation are multiple examples of microeconomics and macroeconomics. One example of microeconomics is Good invigoration property raising or lowering its rental rate for the apartments. Because it is a business decision, it falls under microeconomics. Another example is the percentage of scrutinize that Good Life has allotted for rental of their inventory.Macroeconomics deals more with decisions made higher(prenominal) than the business itself. For example, the increase of income caused by the addition of Lintech, is macroeconomics. Also the government dominating a cap on the monthly rent of 1550 dollars for two-bedroom apartments is a macroeconomic decision.One shift of the supply curve and one shift of the demand curve The supply curve is represented by a bit by bit increasing line on the graph of the scenario. The line represents the price and bill for which apartments are purchased. For example, a shift in the supply curve was witnessed whenthe mod business entered t he area.The addition of Lintech working facility prompted more consumers to want apartments. The supply curve moved left to indicate less supply on hand. The downward slope on the graph represents the demand curve. As tardily explained, the price and demand are captured on this line. The increase of rent caused the demand curve to shift to the left, indicating a decrease in demand (Colander, 2010). effectuate of supply and demand in the workplaceIn the petroleum industry, the price is relatively elastic. The demand of work from day-to-day is determined by the consumers demand for that product. Some days will require 12 hours of service whereas others will require eight hours of service to complete node deliveries. With respect to supply, a shortage would negatively affect companies that are already customers. The shortage whitethorn increase price temporarily or an increase in the commonplace cost of oil may increase price long term.The estimation behind macro and microeconom ics help to understand the impact that supply and demand have on the economy. Companies make educated decisions on a products sustenance cycle according to the demand for that item. The equilibrium order (the intersecting point on supply and demand) is best suited for a product or service.How the price elasticity of demand affects a consumers purchasing and the firms pricing strategy The elasticity of price affects a fraternitys price tactics and consumer purchasing actions. If a products price changes, customer purchasing habits may rise or fall accordingly (Colander, 2010). If the demand for a particular apartment increases, as seen in the scenario, Good heart properties will be able to raise rent rates in order to capitalize on the higher demand.On the other hand, customers may not purchase as much with a higher rent rate. As a result of increased rates, customers may seek alternatives such as conventional homes. This is how price elasticity effects consumer purchasing and t he price point set by companies. The price for items or services may be too high which would cripple the potential earnings. A take in at the supply and demand charts depicts the best price point.Good life property management have maximized its earnings and optimized its rental rates by using the supply and demand curves. Considering the petroleum industry, supply, and demand directly affect the price. Price elasticity is also a factor to consider when scenerythe price for services or products.ReferencesColander, D. C. (2010). Economics (8th ed.). New York, NY McGraw-Hill. Retrieved April 11, 2013 from The University of Phoenix eBook collecting database.

Leadership Case Study: Steve Jobs Essay

1. Steve Jobs had an extremely spunky interest in organism in charge, so to start aside with his drawing card-follower element, he most definitely settles in better on the attraction end of the spectrum. Jobs was so uttermost in the lead end of the spectrum that he had actu altogethery been removed from his CEO position in 1985 for being unmanage adequate. being one of the most charismatic attractors in the industry has helped him bankrupt his starring(p) qualitys through his time with apple, NeXT, and Pixar. He has always been determined business- unruffled when Apple took him out of the equation, where he went off to make most of our childhood staples much(prenominal) as Toy Story and gained an enormous sh atomic number 18 of stock with Disney, which was actually more than he ever owned with Apple. His diverge spans crosswise five different industries, which is more than almost any CEO empennage say that they have done in their entire life. His influence spanned crosswise the computer industry, Hollywood and the movie industry, the wireless phone industry with the IPhone, the sell industry, and my personal favorite being the unison industry where ITunes has innovated the very distri furtherion of music itself.To the commit, Steve always seemed to get what he cherished when it came to influencing these many industries. As for organizational objectives, Jobs always wanted to manufacture a harvest that the client wanted but almost didnt even know they wanted or c at one timeive the harvest-feast in a thought, the IPod being a prime example of this. If Jobs didnt like the outcome of a product, he sent it backwards to the drawing board. Jobs and his members overlap the goals to create new things they wanted, in the hopes that the customer would too. Change is a huge aspect of the way Jobs leads, all he wants to do is create technologically changing products that he and his customers very want. The constantly updating engine room, ye t always physical exerciser friendly larboard is Apples motto now a days. Steves people skills were app bently non the greatest, but as long as a subordinate shared in his vision of wanting to create and innovate like he did, then Apple would succeed. His people tended to respect him for the way he went more or less inventing new products and never wanting to fall short on anything.2. The lead skills that Steve Jobs possessed that made himself as well as his companies so no-hit were due his combination of the technical, interpersonal, and decision-making skills he possessed. Keeping up with thelatest technology in the tech industry is an absolute necessity, and Steve and Apple not unaccompanied kept up with the industry but innovated it every step of the way, so his technical skills were very important. Steves interpersonal skills were not conventional in the regular sense of the meaning, but he had his own way of development relationships and gaining the respect of his subo rdinates who wished to share in his vision of giving people products that they didnt even know they wanted. He was sure to consistently communicate this confidential information to his employees, and motivating was one of his attain qualities, such as in his key note speeches to his customers to unveil new products every year.Lastly, and what I believe to be his most important skill that he possesses, is his decision-making skills. Jobs was able to come back to Apple and make the necessary decisions to bring it out of bankruptcy by changing the corporate culture back to an entrepreneurial environment to be the mod guild it once was. Critical thinking was a vauntingly part of his life, and Steve was known to take walks alone in an almost mesmerize like state where he would be identifying problems and changes in the industry, know where opportunities lied, and would critically think to come up with creative ideas to be the leader and trailblazer in so many industries.3. Under t he interpersonal managerial leadership enjoyments section, I believe that Steve fell under the category of figurehead and leader roles in this section. Steve was the go to speaker at the key note speeches of submission products, and he always had a sense of spirit about him that real made the customer believe in how much he loves the product they just unveiled, and how much Steve believed that the customer would love the product. Steve also continuously performed the leader role by giving instructions of the creation of products, why the familiarity should head in a certain direction, or evaluating performance of question and development of new products. If Steve didnt want to personally use it, chances are it was thrown in the trash and it was back to the drawing board. As remote as the educational role category, I believe that Steve was in the monitor role as well as the spokesperson role. Steve was constantly gathering information and attending meetings in and out of the o rganization to create new and modern products.As for the spokesperson role, as I have stated previously, he was the charismatic leader that was the face and spirit of what Apple was all about, and he hadthe customer falling in love with a entirely innovative product before they had seen anything like it before. As far as his decisional role, he was the companys main entrepreneur as well as the main disturbance handler when Apple came to him on the verge of bankruptcy. naked as a jaybird and im be products and services is Apples core belief convey to Jobs, and his combination of these two roles saved the company single handed thank to Steves enthusiasm and ire of introduction. His decisional roles that he played were by far his most important contributions since he not only saved the company from bankruptcy but also made it the innovative leader in technology for the last 20 years.4. The primary level of analysis that this fictional character focuses on is the organizational l evel of analysis. The focus is on how Steve Jobs can influence the entire organization of people to get on top of their plot and to constantly be looking for change to innovate new products. He influenced the behaviors, work ethic, and productivity of all of his employees. He individually was able to completely turn the company around from bankruptcy because of the tactics he would use to influence perfection. His mind set was one way, always towards the next trounce product, and if he didnt like it then the idea was scrapped. While some of his employees did not quite agree with the angry fits that Steve would have, even the employees that ended up quitting still said there was a sense of respect for what Steve was doing and his passion for it. Steves passion resonated throughout the entire organization, and the simple fact that his views of how the innovation culture at the workplace helped save it from bankruptcy shows his abilities. Saving Apple was not an easy task, but he was able to accomplish it.5. The cardinal leadership theory classifications that apply to this case are trait, behavior, contingency, and integrative. Steves trait paradigm involves how he acts in the environment of the organization, which included high zip fastener levels at work whether it was anger or passion. It also included his appearance, which he appeared as an angry guy who wanted nothing but perfection, but also showed passion through it all. He was always able to sway in his own ways, and he always showed his dominance in the workplace, which regrettably ended up in his initial removal from Apple,but proved extremely useful in his later years. The behavior paradigm employ in the way that Steve was extremely focused on certain tasks at hand, and the way he is always the biggest critic of any and all products being proposed or worked on in the company.The way that Steve Jobs contributed behaviorally in this case was by controlling his subordinates and demanding perfection every step of the way. The contingency paradigm shows that leadership style is situational, and even though people tended to dislike the way Jobs lead, he ran the organization into its most successful and profitable years, saving it from demise. The most pertinent paradigm in my opinion is the integrative paradigm. Since it incorporates portions from the other three theories, I believe that it can be used to describe the charismatic, passion fill up leadership qualities that Jobs possessed. He was able to inspire his employees and everyone was always enthusiastic once the levels of productivity they had put in resulted in a noteworthy product everyone will love.6. Since the passing of Steve Jobs, this seems to be a question that is on everyones mind, from employee to shareholder to customer. While it is a scary thought, something tells me that the passion and vision that Jobs was able to give to the organization in the last decade he worked their contributed to the menses mentali ty of a lot of the current top level managers still working there. It has become an atmosphere at Apple that they should only create products that would be worthy of a Jobs stamp of approval, and I personally do not think the organizational paradigm would shift after such an influential human being has put so much lawsuit and soul into a company as Steve has done for Apple. Apple is the leading household name for so many different technologies, they have changed the music industry forever, and have an absolutely absurd amount of cash on hand to fund whatever types of projects they need to be sure they are constantly on top of the industry. While the technology industry is one of the most fast paced changing industries with constant improvements in hardware and software, I do not see Apple falling behind to the point that they will not recover again.

Globalization and North East India Essay

I.IntroductionEver since the bourne globalisation appeared for the first time in the second half of 20th pennyury no early(a) word has meant so m every distinct things to different multitude and has evoked as much emotions. The forces of globalisation mask virtu in ally every country in the world. It has opened the door of many new opportunities as fountainhead as formidable challenges. every spheres of heartsocial, semipolitical, ethnical and economical commence been subjected to both the positive and negative elements of globalization. With all its promises on the general qualitative emolument of life and social capital of New Hampshire, whatsoever guess it as the saviour of universal peace and prosperity. On the an different(prenominal) hand, rising mercury of its negative elements some condemn it as a new kind of chaos. While every genius welcomes the new opportunities that has emerged one fuel non simply top those negative elements unattended. Therefore, th e main task now is to analyze, understand and manage globalization doing our best to harness its benefits and keep those negative consequences at bay.1India join the club of globalized saving in 1991when its economy is under the spell of financial and balance of payment crisis which compel her to initiate some(prenominal) structural valuation account programme and economic liberalization. Since then, Indias share to the global economy is get larger. Today, looking at overall health of the economy and appendage performance2, India seems to restrain struck the right note of the globalization string. With its considerable natural and military personnel resources and ability to synchronize the speed of change taking place in the inter national market, many have considered the Indias economy as one of the most resilient economy in the world. Now, the most pertinent wonder a erects in the new-made yrs is has the benefits of globalization disbursed to all the partings of the Indian f identifyrnity? Certainly the answer is NO.Indias attempt to tackle the problems of income inequalities has been expiry on since independence under the of importized homework system. It, however, failed to provide the incumbent suppuration impetus to the poorer states to reduce kingdomal disparities in any substantive manner in spite of four decades of economic planning. In the contri altogether whene globalization era, considering the size and diversity of the country, shrinking role of authorities would in conclusion be a failure to achieve the set objective. With the opening of economy, states with fr work outure al-Qaida facilities, better skill labour and work culture, investor friendly milieu and more importantly states which can tidy up themselves in accordance to the get hold of of the market oriented economy have attracted much of the cloak-and-dagger investment fundsboth national as soundly as foreign. These states have large much turbulenter t han states which are not, direct to widening disparities.3 This has posed a great challenge to academicians and policy makers, thus far though globalization is an patchy process with unequal distri thoion of benefits and losses, who mustinessiness ensure the benefits of globalization be distributed to all the lands/states of Indian union. Secondly, to what finale the towering out evolution treasure achieved so furthermost has been translated into ripening for the well-being of its people?It is all the more obligatory to ascertain the magnitude of instruction because development shouldnt be seen as mere enhancement of national or personal income as it wholly cannot serve the objective of securing the socio-economic equality. High growth wander achieved so far is a crowing accomplishment as the resources so gene consec ill-treatd could be utilized for developmental purposes to meet the desired social ends.4 It would, however, be exceedingly wrong and misleading to interpret economic growth and economic development synonymously, barely a popular cynicism among the political circle in particular, as development covers much wider range and jimmy. In short, achievement of steep growth rate should be reflected in terms of quality of life of the people. The failure to suck up the value of high growth is the main reasonableness for the rejection of shining India/ shade good factor slogan of the ruling party in 2004 mutual election. This implies that the high growth rate achieved so far in the adventure globalization rate of flow could not be translated in terms of improvement in the quality of life of the common people.According to Sen any reform programme should consists of three Rsreach, range and a reasonwhich every responsible several(prenominal) should analyze, understand and act accordingly. The values of high growth often depend on what the size, composition and spirit of that growth do to the lives and freedoms of the people inv olved.5 With the increasing concern of widening of inter-state disparities and lack of development, it is extremely imperative to assess the effects of globalization on northwestern vitamin E India-a comparatively uncharted theatrical role of the country-as fifteen years is large lavish to give some clear pictures. With this objective, the pass on study attempts to locate the clues of the avocation quarries has the topical anaestheticity been able to gain from the benefits of globalization? What are the major(ip) issues and challenges confronting or likely to confront in the coming years?What are the unexplored opportunities that can be harnessed? This would require examining the prevalent scenario of the percentage in the pre and stakes globalization period. The present study shall cover 1980 to 2005 considering 1991 as the dividing year of the two periods. The study has been organized into five scratchs including introduction. In section II, a brief profile of NE stat es has been sk and so oned. In section III, some of the issues and formidable challenges needed to be addressed sooner than the later has been discussed. In section IV, discussed the unexplored opportunities in the part. Finally, we conclude the study in section V .II.North vitamin E ProfileThe North East India comp put ups of cardinal contiguous states6 of highly undulating hilly terrains, covering 263,179 sq km which is about 8% of the heart geographical area of the country. The character is one of the landlocked partings of South Asia. About 4500 km i.e. 98% of its border is with five different countries of South AsiaNepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar and Bangladesh. No separate portion of the Indian union share common border with so many different countries connecting with the heartland through the tenuous 22 km Siliguri corridor.The region is the home of extraordinarily various mosaic of ethnic groups having distinctive social, cultural and economic identity, more akin to their South Asia neighbours than main land India. The keep down macrocosm of the region is about 38 million, 3.8 per cent of the countrys impart state, of which Assam contributes 68 per cent of the total population. Assam put down the highest density of population with 340 per sq. km., which is as well as higher than the national average of 313 per sq. km., followed by Tripura with 305 per sq. km. Otherwise, the region is sparsely populated with an overall density of population of 149 per sq. km. Table 1The decennial growth rate recorded in most of the states during the previous decade is higher than the national direct of 21.54 per cent. Nagaland recorded the highest growth rate (64.46 per cent), in like manner highest among the states of the Indian union, followed by Sikkim (33.25 per cent) and Meghalaya (30.65 per cent). Only Tripura (16.03% per cent) and Assam (18.92 per cent), two of the most populated states, have recorded disgrace growth rate than all India level. T he region is richly gift with bio-diversity, hydro-potential, minerals like oil and natural gas, coal, limestone, dolomite, graphite, quartzite, sillimonite etc. and forest wealth. Over 10 per cent of forest products requirement in the country are met from this region barely.The region has a very high potential to generate hydropower i.e. about 80 per cent of the total hydropower potential in the country. Arunachal Pradesh alone is evaluate to generate 2,67,474 MW i.e. 30 per cent of the total in stock(predicate) in the country. With change geo-climatic condition, the region is ideally suited for horticulture, floriculture and other plantation crops. A variety of fruits like pineapples, banana, orange, lemon, mango, papaya etc. grow abundantly in the region. The region is famous for most number of orchid varieties in the country. teatime is the major plantation crop grown in the region and is the largest manufacturing business in the country impart over 95 per cent of the tota l production. The region is in any flake richly endowed with varieties of medicinal plants having high value in the international market. But, imputable to the lack of proper infrastructure, entrance and talk system and geo-political condition of the region these resources largely remained un criticizeped.Source subject of the 12th pay Commission, p 61.The region is grossly deficient of infrastructure to tap the available resources and push the economy forward. An examination of the infrastructure indexa composite profile of the availability of physical, social and institutional infrastructure available in the states revealed that all the states of the region are at the concluding troll of the infrastructure index ladder. It shows that the level of infrastructural development in the region is well-nigh negligible. In terms of valet de chambre development indexa composite index capturing the three dimensions of human development viz. economic, education and health-the regi on have done reasonably well than most of the states of Indian union. Among the eight states, Assam ranked the lowest, which has been placed in lower middle category and Mizoram in high category while rest of the states are either in high middle or middle category.The success of these states in this visit is principally induced by the education celestial sphere. Apart from Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya the literacy rate in the remain states, as shown in Table 1, are higher than the national average. The economy of the region primarily depends on agriculture firmament contributing over 40 per cent of the income and employ about 70 per cent of the total working population. Although NSDP share of agriculture sector has declined to about 30 per cent, the number of population dependent upon this sector continued to remain high even in the post globalization period. The decline in the NSDPs share of agriculture sector has been more or less paying(a) by the step-up in the s hare of service sector.That is, the service sector growth rate during the corresponding period is commendable. Nevertheless, the industrial sector in the region continued to be in pathetic condition. Industrially the region is one of the most backward regions in India. Only Assam, and to some extent Meghalaya, have moved ahead of the rest of the states in terms of industrial development whose industrialization centered on tea, oil and timber. An examination on the overall annual compound growth rate of NSDP in the region revealed that there is a slight improvement in post globalization period though varies from stat to state.Source http//mospi.nic.in/rept%20_%20pubn/ftest.asp?rept_id=nad03_1993_1994&type=NSSO Note * At 1980-81 prices, ** From 1993 to 2002 only, at certain Price, a denotes Acceleration, d denotes DecelerationDuring the decade of 80s only Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland experienced higher annual compound growth of NSDP than the national level. However, in the post gl obalization period i.e. 1991-2002, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura have performed better than the national level. The growth rate experienced in these states is not only higher but also accelerating. Though the NSDP growth rate of Manipur is lower than the national level but higher than the previous decade and is accelerating. While Assams growth rate is lower in the post globalization but grows at an accelerating rate which is a positive sign. In the post globalization period the growth performances in the region have improved marginally.The higher growth rate of NSDP in the region is mainly induced by higher and accelerating growth rate of service sector. The higher growth rate of NSDP experienced in some of the states is not commensurate with the growth rate of per capita income. The per capita income growth rate of all the states, baring Tripura, falls below the national level in the corresponding period. While Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Nagaland have worsened, the performance of Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura seem to be relatively better than the previous decade. The lower growth rate of per capita income experienced may be attributed to high growth rate of population, particularly poorer section of the society.The dowry of population living below the poverty line in the region continued to remain high. Only Mizoram seems to have done exceptionally well in poverty eradication where the percentage has declined from 36 per cent in 1983 to 19.47 per cent in 1999-2000. In the remaining states there is only a marginal decline in poverty ratio. In 1983, the percentage of population living below the poverty line at national level is much higher than that of all the states of the region. It is just the reversal in 1999-2000-all the states other than Mizoram have higher percentage than national level of 26.1 per cent. Over threesome of the population is still consists of the most vulnerable section of the society. Further, an examination on the per capita per month exercise expenditure revealed that the inequality in the per capita monthly consumption expenditure has also increased in spite of the improvement in the growth performance in the post globalization period.In 1993-94, Assam has the lowest per capita per month consumption expenditure followed by Manipur and Sikkim. These three states are even lower than the national level of Rs. 328.18 per month. However, in 1999-2000, only Assam and Sikkim experienced lower per capita per month consumption expenditure than that of national level of Rs. 590.98 per month. The increase in consumption expenditure in the globalization era is quite impressive. At the same time, inequality in consumption expenditure, as revealed by the Gini coefficient8, has also increased in most of the states which is an indication of widening disparities among different sections of the society.This implies that the benefits of higher growth rate experienced, though marginally, in the post reform period have not been tickled down to the poorer sections of the society in the desired pace and the problem of income inequality at bottom the state has worsened. An overall scenario of the region in the post globalization period is not very impressive as in the case of other region of the Indian union. This may be attributed to the prevailing geo-political condition in the region and attitude of the fundamental presidential term in tackling the issues of the region. In the following section we shall examine some of the issues and challenges which postulate an immediate concern.III.The ChallengesBeing one of the most neglected regions of the Indian union, overall state of affairs in the region is quite alarming. The unattended issues and problems of the retiring(a) are being accumulated, multi-layered and have hold out multifarious. Over and above, the mounting pressures of rising challenges of rapid transformation need to be countered. The clock is check fast and situation in the region i s very delicate which may leap out anytime from now if not tackled carefully.At this juncture the old habit of alibis and hinting would only aggravate the maladies of the old and swell negative elements of the globalization. Instead, it is the time to think and act collectively. The region has more issues to be addressed and challenges to face than any other parts of the country. Of which, the three most important areas which require immediate attention are insurgency, infrastructure and governance. All the other issues are derivatives which would dry up once these three are addressed.a.InsurgencyThe problem of insurgency in the region has a long history. The insular politics and Delhi centric come up of the Indian government is at the core of much of the discontents, widespread criticism, feelings of subjugation and plan of being colonized. There is a constant fear in the minds of the people that their identity is being scoured due to the submergence into the vast maritime of Indian humanity.9 The people of the region started alienating themselves and the feeling of self-determination started to germinate. With the depend of preserving their own identity versatile ethnic groups inhabiting in the region, undisturbed for centuries, began to single out among each other severing the local ties and affinities and started to struggle with arms.10 Thus, insurgency has mushroomed in the region and the secessionist movements, either for sovereignty or for separate homeland, began to lock horns leading to a vertical division among various ethnic groups. Therefore, prior to any policy programme to resolve the problem of insurgency in the region, the political processes that has been framed and pursued to convert a breeding ground of insurgencies must be reversed first.Simultaneously, the attitude and security obsess mindsets of the aboriginal government should also change and embrace the region with open arms so as to restore the preoccupied confidence of t he common people. Insurgency is the major problem inflicting the region. With the passage of time it has increasingly become more interlocking and difficult to understand as their objectives, role and activities varied widely.11 In the piddle of nationalist movement they were involved and interfered in every states affairs including household chores, like a moral police, of their people. Each guerrilla group runs parallel government. In a way, apart from Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh, all the remaining states have multiple governments. The problem of insurgency has become the stumbling block in the course of development.It foundered every development strategy and hampered all the developmental works. Kidnapping, extortion, killing, bandh, strikes and curfews have become the order of the day. At the same time, the numbers and activities of the plain criminals masquerading as insurgents have also increased alarmingly. Today, the region has become the killing scene of action and spe cialized in the export to death bodies, if not the manufacturing products. In short, the region has reached the pinnacle of the industrialization of insurgency and criminalization process.It would not be slow to find the solution. However, keeping in mind the rising global terrorism, it would be wise to work on a holistic approach for cordial solution sooner than the later. At the same time, what every insurgent group, operating(a) in the region, should realize is that the formation of separate homeland or increase of more autonomy or sovereignty is not the solution because within itself formation of new group with new demand can not be ruled out.b.InfrastructureThe rich natural and human resources available in the region could not be utilized to the full extent mainly due to the geo-political condition, including ever-deteriorating law and order, which has a lot of implication on the development of must needed infrastructure. The negligence of the central government in the past and due to the problems of insurgency at present resulted into the gross deficiency of infrastructure in the region. This has crippled the free flow of factors as well as products. In such a situation, it would be hard for the region to fall down the benefits of globalization. It is also not surprising to find the lack of FDI inflow in the region. During January 2000 to Mach 2006 the region received only 9 million US sawbuck i.e. 0.04 per cent of the total FDI inflow in the country. The lack of infrastructure, as revealed by the infrastructure index given in Table 2, has not only spoiled the prospect of economic development but has also created a horizontal division among various ethnic groups affecting the fabrics of social harmony in the region.All the grammatical constituent states of the region are internally lockedthemselves locked and locking out others, unable to connect with each other physically in terms of poor transport links, and more seriously, unable to make connect ions intellectually and emotionally with their closest neighbours, or even with and among their own people.12 It has displaced the common understanding and linkages for peaceful coexistence and regional cooperation. In order to reconnect the lost connectivity, exchange and commerce and more importantly to foster emotional attachment among various ethnic groups inhabiting in the region infrastructures like roads, transports, communications electricity, banking etc. must be developed adequately. Such exercise would not only amplify the base for the growth of the economy in the region but also enhance the regional cooperation-an engine of growth in this era of globalization. Underdevelopment breeds insurgency and insurgency retards development. This two are mutually reinforcing. This is a classic case of vicious cycle of underdevelopment-insurgency-underdevelopment.Therefore, any policy programmes either to resolve the problems of insurgency or development of much needed infrastructu re should go simultaneously and not sequentially as it hampered the progress of one another. Further, as it has been assert in the think Commission report on Transforming the North East, the approach of the central government should change from planning for the North East to planning with the North East.13 This implies that, under the prevailing circumstances mere parcelling of funds or implementation of new policy would not service to tackle the problems in the region. Considering the emotional sentiments of the inhabitants and sensitivity of the issues, the region must be handled with care. Every developmental programme for the region should have the consent of the inhabitants and involve to be executed with sincerity without delay.c.GovernanceThe state is responsible for the creation of causative political, legal and economic environment for building individual capabilities and encouraging private initiatives.14 It would, however, depend on the quality of the governancemecha nism, processes, systems, structures and institutions that guide the social, economic and political relationship. Good governance exercises its legitimate political power in a manner that is perceived as equitable, non-discriminatory, socially sensitive, participatory, transparent and accountable to the people at large. This includes not only the process of transformation of human and natural endowments to a socially desired ends but also reveals the long term vision and commitment of the state to secure human well being and sustained development of the people.15 The state of governance in the region is in pathetic condition.Government machinery is on the brink of collapse. Corruption, squandering of state-supported funds, deteriorating law and order, lack of transparency and accountability, bureaucratic rigmarole, insensitivity and so away are quite rampant in the region. There is widespread allegement of insurgency-government officials-bureaucrats-politician nexus, including law enforcing agencies, and siphon off public funds. All this has eroded the individual capabilities and institutional capacities to meet the social objectives.Until and unless the quality of governance has been improved, no matter how much is the fund earmarked for whatever the policy programme initiated would not be successful and only the common people have to bear the brunt. fetching into consideration of the paradigm shift in the development strategy and the gist of funds allocated16 in recent time, we may no longer be able to blame the central government in the near future. The present state of affairs in the region is past deed of the central government and what the future generation will face would be inflexible by what our government has done today.IV.OpportunitiesThe economy of the region has been disrupteded by the forces discussed in the preceding section in spite of her rich natural resources. to a fault the natural resources, many new opportunities have also emerged w ith the changing grade of world economy that can boost the economy of the region. But, the need of the arcminute is to focus on those areas which would lead to growth of the economy, develop the sense of amour and can extinguish the social and political chasm. The two main areas that can boost the economy are as followsa.TourismTourism is one sector where the region has comparative advantage. This industry is highly competitive where the tourists have a wide range of choices and look for good value of their money. With bountiful natures breathtaking scenic beauty, salubrious climatic conditions, extraordinarily diverse rich art and cultural heritage of the people, this region can become a hotspot for eco and adventure tourism.Tourism industry involves a vast network of business activities relating to attracting, receiving, accommodating, managing and servicing of tourists. These include hotels, restaurants, transport agency and several other related activities. The development of this industry would promote national integrating and international understanding, generate example and revenue and provide prospective buyers for local fabricate products especially handloom and handicraft productsa dyeing industry due to lack of rag to market.Tourism can generate more employment per million of rupees spent than any other activities. It can generate jobs in the remotest corners for unskilled to highly specialized skilled workers which would help in the realization of plan objectives. It would also enlarge the base of locally manufactured products. All this, however, would be possible only when there is well-developed infrastructure like transport and communication and sense of participation of the people of the region.b.Border concernThe lack of connectivity and access to market, the main causes for under utilization of resources and weak resource-industry linkages, have set the economy of the region by half a century behind. The region has lost the markets i n her neighbourhood, particularly in Bangladesh, due to partition, insurgency and diplomatic strains and tensions. out-of-pocket to the peripheral location and stiff competition from mainland industries having better access to precise inputs like finance, technology and management, the base of traditional manufacturing in the region has been eroded leading to deindustrialization. While resource base can support a variety of industries at all scales, the existing industrial structure, dominated by small-scale demand based industries has not been developed proportionately. This has widened the gap in the midst of resource base and industrial structure in the region. Further, due to the br atomic number 99mostwork of free movement of men and material across the border, the notion of closing off has developed in the minds of the people. It is in this context, there is a strong seam to develop border workmanship.In this increasingly borderless world, establishment of border trade would not only provide an opportunity to revive the local manufactured units but also serve as a transit corridor for the mainland big industrial units to explore the vast Asian market. This would also bring the centrality and profile of the otherwise peripheral north eastern region.17 It is with this vision that look east policy was initiated in 1991. Unfortunately, as old habits die hard the central government still continues to live in the shadow of security preoccupy mindset and prefers inward looking approach. As a result, even aft(prenominal) fifteen years of implementation of border trade agreement, it has failed to invigorate the regions trade with their neibhouring countries. As a result, Indias look east policy has, by and large, bypassed the region.The percentage of trade with neighbouring countries have zoom up to 8 per cent of the countrys total volume of trade in 2003-04 from a mere 1.7 per cent in 1987-88. However, over two-third of the total volume of trade with t hese countries flow via Bay of Bengal while the land borders of the region have been left for transit corridors for illegal trade . The tepidity of the central government in implementation of the policy has only led to rise in the porosity of these borderlands. An impressionistic assessment reveals that there is a rise in negative activities like cross-border insurgency, gunrunning, smuggling drugs, narcotics and AIDS, money laundering, trafficking women, illegal immigration etc. which further add to the existing multifarious problems in the region. closing curtainGlobalization has become the most potent force emerged in recent time. It virtually affects every walk of lifepositive or negative. inappropriate other regions of the Indian union, North East India is more likely to dowse by its negative effects. The region is at the throes of discernible crisis. Since 1991, there has been increase in inequality and unemployment, decline in the quality of the governance, rise in smuggli ng, trafficking, illegal immigration, corruption, squandering of public funds, escalation in insurgency related activities, etc. These have led to underdevelopment and erosion of the capacity of the individual and quality of life. A sense of deprivation has developed particularly among the educated youths of the region. The clock is ticking fast and fuse is not long. It is time to work on a holistic approach to resolve problems in the region.Notes1. Chanda, Nayan, 2003, What is Globalization? Coming unneurotic Globalization Means Reconnecting the valet Community, YaleGlobal Online, http//www.globalenvision.org/library/8/567. 2. of late it has been argued that the turning point of higher growth rate in India was 1980 but not 1991 as perceived by many. For more details see Nayyar, Deepak. 2006. sparing Growth in Independence India Lumbering Elephant or outpouring tiger?, economic and political Weekly, vol. 41, no. 15, pp. 1451-1458. 3. Some authors even argued that coastal state s with open port facility have outperformed non-coastal states in the post globalization era. For more detail see Kishore, Adharsh. 2002. Towards an Indian Approach to Globalization, http//www.rba.gov.au/PublicationsAndResearch/Conferences/2002/kishore.pdf. 4. Sen, Amartya, 2005, The Three Rs of Reforms, frugal and political Weekly, vol. 40, no. 19, p. 1. 5. ibid., p. 1.6. Sikkim becomes the member of North East Council on December 2002 after an amendment of the necrotizing enterocolitis Act 1971. Since then all development purposes of the state has been treated at per with the other seven states of the region. However, the admission of Sikkim in the North Eastern Region is yet to be reflected in the literature of NER. 7. The Report of the Special Group on Targeting Ten one thousand thousand Employment Opportunities per Year over the Tenth Plan Period has viewed that Current Daily Status (CDS) is the better measure to capture unemployment than Usual hint and Subsidiary Status (UP SS). 8. The guinea pig Human Development Report 2001 provides the project of Gini Coefficient for rural and urban area only. It does not provide the combine bode of the two.11. For more detail analysis see Roy, Sanjay K. 2005. Conflicting Nations in northeast India, Economic and Political weekly, vol. 40, no. 21, pp. 2176-2182. 12. Prabhakra, M. S. 2004. Is neon India Landlocked?, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 39, no. 42, p. 4608. 13. GOI. 1997. Transforming the North East Tackling Backlogs in Basic Minimum function and Infrastructure involve, High Level Commission Report to the Prime Minister, Planning Commission, http//planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/ne_exe.pdf, p. 2. 14. GOI. 2001. National Human Development Report, Planning Commission, http//planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/nhdrep/nhdreportf.htm, p. 114. 15. ibid, p. 114.16. Apart from all the constituent states being classified as Special Category States, establishment of NEC and induction of DoNER speaks the volume of fund allocated to this region. 17. Verghese, B. G., op. cit.ReferenceAhluwalia, Montek S. (2000) Economic Performance of States in Post-Reforms Period, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 35, no. 19, pp. 1637-1648.Bajpai, M. (2002) A Decade of Economic Reforms in India The raw(prenominal) Agenda, Working Paper no. 89, rivet for International Development, Harvard University, http//www.ksg.harvard.edu/CID/cidwp/089.pdf.Barbora, Sanjay (2006) Rethinking Indias Counter-insurgency Campaign in North-East, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 41, no. 35, pp. 3805-3812.Baruah, Sanjib The Problem,http//www.manipuronline.com/North-East/November2005/theproblem23_2.htm.Bhattacharya, B. B. & S. Sakthivel (2004) Regional Growth and Disparity in India A Comparison of Pre and Post-Reform Decades, http//iegindia.org/worksakthi244.pdf.Chanda, Nayan (2003) What is Globalization? Coming Together Globalization heart and soul reconnecting the human community, http//www.globalenvis ion.org/library/8/567.Ghosh, Madhusudan (2006) Economic Growth and Human Development in Indian States, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 41, no. 30, pp. 3321-3329.GOI (1997) Transforming the North East Tackling Backlogs in Basic Minimum Services and Infrastructure Needs, High Level Commission Report to the Prime Minister, Planning Commission, http//planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/ne_exe.pdf.GOI (2001) National Human Development Report, Planning Commission, New Delhi, http//planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/nhdrep/nhdreportf.htmGOI (2002) Report of the mission on India Vision 2020, Planning Commission, New Delhi, http//planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/pl_vsn2020.pdf.GOI (2004) Report of the Twelfth Finance Commission (2005-10), Ministry of Finance, http//finance.rajasthan.gov.in/doc/12fcreng.pdf.Grare, Frederic & Amitabh Mattoo (2003) Beyond the Rhetoric The Economics of Indias come across East Policy, Manohar Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi.Gupta, K. R. (2005) loosening and Globalization of Indian Economy, Gupta, K. R. (ed.) easiness and Globalization of Indian Economy, vol. VI, pp. 304-315, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.Humanshu (2007) Recent Trends in penury and Inequality Some Preliminary Results, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 497-508.Khanna, Sushil (2005) Economic Opportunities or Continuing Stagnation, http//www.manipuronline.com/Economy/November2005/stagnationoropportuny18_1.htm.Kishore, Adharsh (2002) Towards an Indian Approach to Globalization, http//www.rba.gov.au/PublicationsAndResearch/Conferences/2002/kishore.pdf.Kurian, N. J. (2000) turnout Regional Disparities in India Some Indicators, Economic and Political weekly, vol. 35. No. 7, pp. 538-550.Nayyar, Deepak (2006) Economic Growth in Independent India. Lumbering Elephant or Running Tiger?, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 41, no. 15, pp.1451-1458.NSSO (1997) Employment and Unemployment in India, 1993-94, 50th Round, Re port No. 409. NSSO (2006) Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2004-05, 61st Round, Report No. 515.Prabhakra, M. S. (2004) Is North-East India Landlocked, Economic and Political Weekly, vo. 39, no. 42, pp.4606-4608.Ramachandran, H. Governance and Peoples Participation, 15 Background Paper Vision 2020, http//planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/reportsf.htm. Roy, Sanjay K. (2005) Conflicting Nations in North-East India, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 40, no. 21, pp. 2176-2182. Sen, Amartya (2005) The Three Rs of Reforms, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 40, no. 19, pp. 1971-1974.Sinha, A. K. (2005) India Steps Towards Liberalization andGlobalization, Gupta, K. R. (ed.) Liberalization and Globalization of Indian Economy, vol. VI, pp. 315-330, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.Sinha, Aseema Globalization, Rising Inequality, and New Insecurities in India, http//209.235.207.197/imgtest/TaskForceDiffIneqDevSinha.pdfUpadhyay, Archana (2006) Terrorism in the North-East Linkages and Implications, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 41, no. 48, pp. 4993-4999.Verghese, B. G. Unfinished Business in the North East Pointers Towards Restructuring, Reform, Reconciliation and Resurgence, one-seventh Kamal Kumari Memorial Lecture, http//www.freeindiamidia.com/economy/19_june_economy.htm.

Crime Is a Social Construct Essay

plague is a societal construct Discuss. This paper will look at curse and its different criminological interpretations. abuse is an umbrella word which c all overs a diverse range of issues and is dependant upon the divinatory stand point of the writer. Although the wordings of the explanations differ, the implications be consistent (Newburn, 2007. Doherty, 2005). Mclaughlin et al (2006) seems the most pertinent for the purpose. They separate crime into three key constituent parts. These be wound, mixer agreement and the official societal reaction.There be different suppositional interpretations of crime. The product of culturally-bounded hearty interaction is crime which is the violation of the social pay off (Newburn, 2007. Young, 1995). Societal responses be different dependant upon the clubhouse. Theft in the UK whitethorn result in caution or non-custodial sentence for a basic offence whereas in Saudi Arabia the offender would lose a hand. aberrancy can be pe rceived as creation actions or deportment which although whitethorn not be iniquitous in nature are at odds with the social norms of the orderliness.Promiscuity is legal, though is perceived as deviant ( crabbedly in females due to patriarchal societal values). Homosexual behaviour, which was antecedently illegal, has undergone a shift in the moral attitudes of monastic order. The morals of society regarding certain(a) activities is not set in stone and it alters over time. This is the cod rule-relativists absorb of crime, as what is appropriate to the society at both precondition moment in time and may change due to alterations in societal values. Social constructs are the institutions, agencies, judicial bodies and any other mechanisms that are produced to implement social order.These social constructs are not natural phenomena they are created by the hegemony. Behaviour or activities that offend the social codes & practices of a particular community. These codes and pr actices may be different due to cultural differences. Legal and social codes are not always identical. Laws are the mortar that binds societies and implement its norms. A Muslim man may marry to a greater extent than one wife in certain countries. In the USA a Mormon may also marry more than one wife. He may plant both wives into this demesne with both having legal rights as his wife.However as yet though his culture would allow him to marry another wife, in this country he wouldnt be allowed to. A man in the UK would not be allowed more than one wife. If he did marry a morsel wife he would be charged with bigamy. This crime doesnt harm anyone however it is menageed as being against the social norms of British society. A fleck of crimes are made due to the state acting as a moral guardian to its community. At the present in Indonesia it is illegal to confabulate chewing gum, conversely in the UK this would not be seen as a reasonable criminal offence.Governments are not beyo nd contravening their own statutes, as in the trip of prisoners that have been transferred to Guantanamo bay and the acknowledgement that water boarding (a form of torture) had been used upon a few of these prisoners. As well as the state justice in that respect are systems which provide social control, much(prenominal) as private security etc. They comprise the numerous forms of social control of crime and deviance that are part of group action (Henry, 1994). There are informal modes of social control from local communities, such as being sent to Coventry The legal standpoint is precisely what is enacted by society as criminal. On the issue of harm maestro Dennings ruling in Donoghue v Stevenson holds what would the man on the Clapham passenger car think. Legally in addition to the criminal act there has to be a guilty mind, mens rea as well as the criminal act, actus reus. There has to be a legal capacity to commit crime, Doli incapax way that those less than eleven year s of age and those suffering from mental unhealthiness are seen as not being capable of committing crimes.There are also mitigating circumstances reasons why a criminal act may be seen as reasonable. This can be observed as being the contextual component evidence of this can be seen in the case of the mignonette (Morrison, 2005). The classicist classification of crime is activities which have a veto impact upon the individuals and upon their property of the states electorate. Classicists do not extend into account that there might be other factions with conflicting aims or moral codes. This can be perceived prior to the break up of the former Yugoslavia, where each faction had separate societal consumes.The conservative view of crime is that anything that threatens the social order should be criminal. This follows the classicist view yet as that but they also include crimes which damage the integrity and moral philosophy of society. Those dealing with new deviance suppositio n assert that there require to be two separate parties. One party behaves or commits certain actions that another party who has differing morality categorizes that party as deviant. The factions in society with greater power impose their moral codes (Young, 1995).With new deviance theory the faction with the most power controls the morals this doesnt necessarily give to being the majority of society. The Marxist viewpoint on crime is from of class and the intensification of social control of society. This viewpoint perceives capitalist societies as being training grounds for criminal activities. Theorists believe that only socialist societies can have any expectation of being without crime. Sheptycki (2006) states that the roots of crime lie in the social structural inequalities of wealth and power. Capitalist societies promote individual interests over social welfare. The radical left criminological theory is that the nature of an groundbreaking industrial society with its clas s system and its natural patriarchy is the movement of the prevalence of crime. They furthermore view crime as being more of a predicament for the poor. The way laws have been created can be shown in the disparity in sentencing for property theft when compared to white-collar crime. cocksure criminology views crime and criminal activity as explainable through the natural sciences.Positivist criminologists look for specific causes for crime through scientific methodology. Whether this is because of biological, psychological and sociological disciplines to be able to quantify criminal behaviour. Positivists deem that there is a consensus of value in society that can be scientifically discovered (Young, 1995). To bring to a close crime is a social construct. Crime is in addition a component of the larger issue of deviance. It is a consequence of social norms which the government has enacted into laws. The state has the infrastructure to enforce the societys behavioural codes.By mean s of these criminological schools all of any given states laws can be identified. Having observed these, the new deviance theory was the most rational, building as it does on previous schools of thought. This holds that the faction with the greater societal power holding the reins to societys moral codes. At the present time this looks to be direction in which western societies are on the face of it is heading. The Iraq war was implemented by the powerful selected of society.

The Current Housing Crisis in Maryland

Abstract The received housing crisis in atomic number 101 has devastated much of the inner city of Balti to a greater extent and environ counties. The economic collapse of 2008 has left virtually(prenominal) Maryland residences unemployed or underemployed. The direct impact of the economic collapse has left homeowners wondering how they lead pay their mortgages and keep food on the table. Maryland homeowners have been essay to make ends meet. Some of the issues that ar being faced have to do with the predatory bestow practices of some mortgage lenders. President Obama signed an arrangement to bail aside some banks in hope to spargon families from losing their homes.Those hopes did non pan out headspring. There was another bailout of $25 billion dollars allotted in Feb 2012 to suffice homeowners and fell mortgages to the principal home values. Thus far the mortgage labor has founding fathere as little as possible to hold up their end of that bargain. We need to get edu cated and hold these predatory lenders responsible. The topical Housing Crisis in Maryland By a show of hands, how umteen people atomic number 18 in a financially challenging web site with remunerative their mortgage? Do you know that you may very well be a victim of predatory lending practices?You may be asking yourself what is predatory lending. Some of us are familiar with the term. For those who are not, I will explain what a predatory lender is and the gist they have had on our communities. Predatory lenders and the tactics they use to originate loans with unprejudiced buyers are un uninfected. We now have predatory legal and rescue work popping up everywhere with the defense that they are here to servicing us. I intend to house you with information to free legal serve and information to assist in the fight to hold the mortgage lenders accountable for what they are doing.I am a Baltimore City resident who is upside atomic reactor in my mortgage. I owe more on my home than it is worth in todays commercialize. I am currently in the fight to have my mortgage lender do what is right by lowering my formula home value to a fair market price. I currently owe double what my home is worth. Many of us are upside down, have high interest pass judgment or are currently in foreclosure. We are looking for relief from the banks that dont seem to care much about where our families will eternal sleep at a time we lose our homes. We need to embarrass them for the way they are treating minorities and low-mode ordain income families.Predatory lending practices are a huge contributing factor in the current economic crisis. Many families lost income and the home values have been declining drastically. economy our homes from foreclosure is the main focus of many families in Maryland. I intend on exposing predatory lending practices that homeowners may not be aware of. The wish of strong regulations in Maryland has allowed unscrupulous mortgage lenders to ta ke favour of unsophisticated homeowners. Predatory lending has had a devastating effect on individuals and families.The term predatory lending has been used to describe a massive range of loans that are not ballpark in the prime market. These loans do not offer any benefit to the borrower. Some of the most common predatory practices are Excessive fees and points Ignoring borrowers ability to repay balloon payments Interest only loans Excessive interest evaluate Concealing the unbowed cost of the loan Federal regulators have warned banks that non-traditional mortgages such as interest-only loans may lead to a rash of defaults when the principal must be compensable or interest rates increase.With such loans, the homeowners are not paying towards the principal on the loan, only the interest. Interest rate increases could have a devastating effect on the mortgage payment monthly. Adjustable rates have the same devastating effect on homeowners. The interest rate is not guaranteed and could fluctuate greatly on a per month basis. With adaptable mortgage loan terms homeowners have no clue on what the loan would eventually cost them. This lending practice is a repair up to fail proposition. Underemployment and lack of employment has been the peripheral nail in the coffin for many Maryland families.Many families have lost at least one household income and a few have lost both incomes. Income loss combined with the volatile housing market has crushed the American Dream for many homeowners. People who were able to divulge work afterward economic crisis, had to take drastic pay cuts which were not adequate to birth their current needs. With the economic downturn families are left to pay for homes they cannot afford. This crisis occurred when the mortgage bubble burst. Many homes were being sold for much more than their fair market value.Once the bubble burst the home value depreciation was extortionate and sharp. People lost 20-40% of the fairness in their hom es. Although there are many programs available to help homeowners, the majority of them are unable to help homeowners who are under water on the mortgage due to the lost equity in their homes. Some foreclosures are voluntary. When the bubble burst, homeowners found themselves owing 100,000s more than the homes were worth. Those homeowners decided that paying off the mortgage was indeed a disadvantageously deal. So they just walked away from the properties.The new dagger in homeowners ass is the rise in property taxes. The city government needs property so they have raised the taxed values of homes to bring in more money regardless if the home values are decreasing. Homeowners are losing their homes because their mortgage payments did not include an escrow for homeowners insurance and taxes. Once a homeowner becomes aban through with(p)d on their property taxes, they have to pay the past due standard in addition to the current amount due. For the Maryland residence that find the mselves in foreclosure, please seek assistance sooner than later.Maryland laws do not demand that you are notified of the Intent to foreclose. Within your originating loan documents you signed all a power of sale or assent to decree which fundamentally is an ex parte order to sell your property if you are in default. In addition, the predatory lenders make it impossible to become current again once the mortgage is in default. They can add servicing fees such as late fees, force placed insurance, inspection fees, etc. to make it operose to bring the account current. We as homeowners have the right to stay in our homes.Homes we have cared for over the years. The banks should not have the right to evict us without improving the foreclosure process so we have better and earlier grade and the opportunity to redeem prior to significant costs being incurred. They should reduce the loan principle to the fair market value, adjust interest rates and reevaluate the financial situation of th e homeowners. The mortgage industry did a ill service to many of the homeowners in the room. Many of us were uninformed about the repercussions and pitfalls concern with interest only, variable rates and balloon payment loans.Predatory lending practices contributed in a flash to the economic crisis of the mortgage industry in Maryland. I would like to provide information to several pro bono legal services and housing resources professional Bono Resources Center of Maryland. (410)837-9379 or toll free (800)396-1274 www. probonomd. org 1. Civil referee, Inc. www. civiljusticenetwork. org 2. Public Justice Center (410) 625-9409 for tenants who landlords are in foreclosure 3. Community Law Center (410) 366-7777 www. communitylaw. org 4. Maryland Hope (877) 462-7555 www. mdhope. dhcd. maryland. gov 5.Foreclosure Proceedings in Maryland (Brochure) http//www. msba. org/departments/commpubl/publications/brochures/foreclosure. htm There has been an ongoing investigating into the bankin g fraud and predatory lending scandal. President Obama signed another bailout of $25 billion dollars in Feb 2012 to help homeowners and reduce principle mortgage values. The bailout tangled Bank of America, Citigroup, Wells Fargo, Ally Financial and JPMorgan Chase. Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae have merely to come on board however they do offer some homeowner assistance with modification of term and underwater loans.Many look at the bailout as another opportunity to reward the banks for the wrong doing they have done to the citizens and many communities. I was able to look at the bigger picture. This is a way to monitor how many loans are modified and how many principle values are reduced. By providing the bailout this time around there were delimitate stipulations as to what the funds are to be used for. North Carolinas Banking Commissioner Joseph Smith will serve as the independent monitor to carry out the deals and their terms. The bailout does very little for the people who hav e already lost their homes. They are eligible to receive up to $2000.

Food safety Essay

Food recourse is a precise necessity thought of maintaining heavy and tillable relationships between kind macrocosms and the entire environment. It is because it plays a canonical role in enhancing advantageously health which is vital in influencing sustain adequate to(p) human activities. Fundament tout ensembley, human activities influence their relationships and interactions with the environment. It can be acknowledged that maintaining diet for thought safety at all told levels ensures good health which in influence guarantees healthy relationships between man and his environment. Human activities view as various implications on the entire environment.In deed, they affect the economic, social, environmental and political aspects of the environment. Food safety that is fundamental for good health enables man to relate salubrious with all these aspects of his environment. Food safety Health To begin with good health enables human beings to work hard and be able to p rovide for their economic needs. fit in to Last (1998), when both mentally and physically healthy, individuals tend to be to a greater extent productive. Increased productivity leads to healthy societies as individuals can be able to cater for their needs and wants.This is do executable by individuals earning enough to hit financial stableness. Thus they can be able to pay their bills, unsheathed some for recreation and likewise be able to save for the future. This is made possible if their health is assured by ensuring fodder safety. Bronfenbrenner (1979) indicates that excellent health also determines good intersomebodyal relationships and hence enables populations to acquire social cohesion. In this respect, he argues that healthy individuals atomic number 18 unlikely to be social misfits because they atomic number 18 able to think straight and argon also conscious of the social values which they uphold.Also, health enables whiz to work and earn an honest alert as come up as provide enough for his or her family. As such, people become more responsible and dedicated to their lives and this invokes ones self esteem and personal satisfaction. Generally, Last (1998) asserts that healthy people atomic number 18 able to maintain healthy relationships than their counter touch offs. Again, this healthy precondition can besides be achieved if the they victuals they consume is handled in a hygienic manner. With demand to the environment, Ebi, et al. (2005) argues that good health enables individuals to cater for their environment. consort to him, healthy individuals are usually able to shoot eonly measures to suspend environmental deterioration in their own simple vogues. For instance, they can be able to plant trees, prompt of their wastes in a proper way and perform other functions that enhance environmental conservation. These actions may seem simple yet their contribution to environmental conservation is really significant. In additi on, since these individuals take a shit financial st superpower, they can brook to environmental conservation missions by donating money (Ebi et al. , 2005).Furthermore, healthy individuals are in position to take sound decisions with regard to environmental conservation. The political stability of a country is also dependent on the health of the individuals. To this end, Bronfenbrenner (1979) argues that healthy and active individuals are less likely to engage in politically unsound behavior. It is worth noting that good health throughout a persons life also implies that the persons education and idea process is rational. Therefore, such individuals are able to make informed, autonomous and democratic decisions with regard to politics.This enables a country to have visionary leaders that are politically mature and therefore enforce policies that are beneficial to the locals. This status can be achieved if food safety is maintained all through a persons life. Indeed, food safety is a very vital component of our day to day living because of the role it plays in maintaining our health. Without this good health, life can be difficult for most individuals because indispositions result be prevalent. Despite this realization, food handling in the US continues to be a major problem and the frequency of food poisoning and food borne illness continues to rise significantly (Last, 1998).This implies that the Food and Drug administration has failed in its duty to protect the health of the citizens. This can also be attributed to the money oriented attitude that our society has assumed. For instance, Andrew (2006) indicates that some butchery workers would rather remark their jobs than identify a slip up in the meat impact process. Further, he asserts that the urge to get food on the markets in a timely manner in put up to make huge bread has made business persons oerlook the minor but most most-valuable aspects of food safety.Therefore, there is need for consu mers to take up the responsibility of maintaining good health by practicing the following critical steps that are very essential in enhancing food safety and im prove health. At a personal level, consumers should be extremely wary of sale offers. If the deal seems also good, it is always recommended to think twice. In most instances, business owners berth on sale products that are defective (Andrew, 2006). Therefore, instead of making purchases blindly, consumers should spare time to check the packages properly and even identify the odor of the food.If the odor is bad, Loken (1995) ascertains that such food is not suitable for human consumption. In addition, consumers should put in to consideration the packaging of the food. Usually, food can look very good-hearted yet if not packed well, the probability that it is infected is so high. According to Watson (2001), well packaged food has a higher probability of being germ free. When purchasing fruits and veggies, consumers should only buy those that are fresh face (Loken, 1995). They should avoid fruits or vegetables that have spots or look ulcerous as this is a clear version of infection.Andrew (2006) notes that hepatitis A is spread through poor handling of fruits and vegetables, specifically by washing the corresponding with contaminate water before they reach the market. He suggests that it is important that consumers keep themselves well informed about whatsoever outbreaks and take precaution in a timely manner by adjusting their menu accordingly. According to him, it could be safer to avoid any fruits or vegetables involved in the outbreak than endanger ones health by devour contaminated food.At situation, fruits and vegetables should be washed thoroughly and under running water in order to remove all dirt. In cases where fruit and vegetable washers are utilise, it is essential to adhere to the directions of the manufacturer in order to avoid any possible contamination. When shopping for dry foods, Watson (2001) argues that consumers should check the packaging material to ensure that it is in order. In particular, he explains that the nylon papers used for packaging as well as boxes should be well inspected to ensure that they do not have holes or openings.This is an indication that food is not contaminated as holes or other openings could serve as entrances of insects and generally germs. In addition, consumers should avoid purchase dry foods that are infested by insects like weevils. These transmit diseases that are formidable to human health. In the case of canned foods, Loken (1995) explains that care should be taken to avoid buying any cans that are defective in any way. Specifically, those with punctures or dents should be avoided at all costs as this is an indication that the food is contaminated.Consuming infected canned food can be very fatal as it may contain botulin toxin (Watson, 2001). This has a severe and fatal impact on human health as it causes paral ysis. It is also important to check the cans properly on arrival at home as dents can transcend during transportation. In such incidents, Andrew (2006) explains that it is split to discard them as this could be an indication of punctures which imply infection. In the home environment, Andrew (2006) points out that it is advisable to impudent all surfaces used in food preparation and the kitchen as a whole after the activity.This should be do with an antibacterial cleaner in order to kill all disease causing small organisms. In addition, the surfaces should be kept dry as wet surfaces, coupled with a warm kitchen environment provides the best conditions for small organism breeding (Andrew, 2006). When handling meats, Loken (1995) indicates that it is advisable to freeze any that would not be consumed in a few days time. According to him, this goes a long way in avoiding chances of poisoning. In addition, he explains that before cookery any meats, it is important to inspect the m fully after thawing in order to identify any signs of spoiling.Further, when cooking meats, the right temperatures should be used in order to kill any vivacious infectious micro organisms. Failure to do this could lead to fatal poisoning caused by the existing micro organisms (Loken, 1995). After meals, any remaining food should be frosty rather than left open even if it is meant to be used in the contiguous meal. In many cases, persons favour to leave the left over food from the previous meals intended to be used in the next meal in an open place. It is assumed that the period between meals is piteous and therefore possibility of contamination is low.However, Watson (2001) indicates that contamination can still occur within any period. The surfaces used when preparing food before cooking should also be easy to clean appropriately. It is notable that most people prefer wooden boards for chopping food and vegetables. However, these are not hygienic enough as they keep germs be tween the chips. It can be very difficult to clean them appropriately. Therefore, other options found on the market should be used. In cases where a dish washer is available, it should be utilized for washing utensils.Dishwashers have proved to be very effective in killing germs due to their ability to withstand very hot water. Andrew (2006) affirms that in deed, hot water is the cheapest way of killing germs and consequently, dishes washed in very hot water are likely to be germ free. In instances where one opts to dine in the restaurants, the first thing to do should be to choose a right place. Then, when inside the restaurant, one should take note of the conduct of the staff when do food as this often gives an insight on the general hygienics of the restaurant.If this is not satisfactory, Last (1998) explains that it is better to avoid eating in the place than risk infection. Particularly, care should be taken before consuming vegetable and fruit salads as they are the most sus ceptible to contamination. Restaurants on their part should ensure that any food bought is well tested before it is cooked. This is important as it helpers avoid chances of cooking infected food. In addition, hospitals should also take the same precautions. Above all, Watson (2001) argues that Agricultural production in itself should be sustainable to avoid contamination at the farm level.According to him, this can be achieved if the chemicals used are suitable for Agricultural production. Harsh chemicals that are inquisitive for human consumption should be avoided at all costs. This will help avoid the incidences of heavy metals in the vegetables and fruits. Traces of heavy metals in food have been known to cause terminal illnesses like cancer (Watson, 2001). This can be avoided if more healthy Agricultural practices are adopted. Conclusion In conclusion, all these safety measures if put in to consideration can have a positive effect on the healthcare of individuals and the socie ty a large.Specifically, these measures are fundamental in avoiding infection as a result of consuming contaminated food. If infection is completely eliminated from food preparation and processing, then the food eaten will be safe and this has a positive impact on the health of individuals. Eating safe foods significantly reduces the incidences of disease and deaths. Since diseases cause a major setback on peoples health, elimination of the same in the society will aid in creating holistic and productive societies.

John’s Termination Essay

This paper is about Mr. conjuration who has been terminate by his boss and the reason behind this breathing out was the disappointing standard of work that he did. This was really surprising for John as no one had ever objected about the work he did and so he was taken aback when he came to know about the termination. However, it was non entirely the fault of John as he had never been turn before due to which he did not know about his mistakes. It is endlessly wise for the management to opt for certain steps prior to the termination and even after the termination as it can have wayward affects on the other employees working in the organization.Before terminating John, it was the duty of the management to inform and to warn him about his performance at work as it is not ethical to terminate him in this way. Since the time an employee is hired, it is the responsibility of the clement resource department of an organization to look after the employees. Firstly, they must dem and an effective recruitment process and securitizing of employees should be done carefully so that the employee is able to meet the expectations of the excogitate.Once the employee is hired, proper training must be provided, however still if any employee is not capable he should commencement be warned and should be asked to improve but if he does not lay down any progress, he must be transferred to some other department or must be given some other job that suits his qualification and experience as termination should always be the tolerate option for the management to opt for. The reason behind this is that termination always leaves a negative impact not just on the employee who has been terminated but on the existing employees as well as they superpower fear that even they can also be terminated in future. (Leat, 2001).