Discrimination Concerning African Americans Essay

Differences in race become to divergent levels of economicalal development within the unify States. Analysts often try to exempt this phenomenon by observing a specific heathenish groups tradition and cultural ideology. Economists expand their analysis on the economic behaviors of African the Statesns by taking into love personal histories and value systems of the group under study. American families measure economic status in impairment of income, and factors associated with material security as a whole. These factors may consist of health c be, college funds, and retirement plans.However, African American families lag well behind when conceptualizing economic development under these call. The reason is due to numerous instances of favouritism that occur in the U. S. Many of Americas public policies aid in the underdevelopment of non- fresh families. Increased economic development within America is the central to upward political and social mobility. If minorities ar den ied inevitable rights to equality, assenting to economic development becomes a toweringly difficult process. Despite Americas i charterized vox populi on equal opportunity, it is valid to assume that economic security has been limited on the basis of race.Therefore, it is all important(p) to investigate wherefore neat American families argon economically better-off than non-white American families. One must hold up into account aspects of political exponentiation, education, and the exit of children a family has in the home in order to understand this question question. Contemporary Viewpoints The lack of political participation of nonage groups is a prevalent issue within the unify States, explaining why non-white American families be less(prenominal)(prenominal) economically certain when compared to white American families.According to Douglas S. Massey (1995), nonage families increasingly speak languages and bear cultures quite different than the established norms wi thin the U. S. regime. He has set in motion that social groups carry their customs into new generations, leading many non-white families to become dis hardened and impoverished. Brinck Kerr and Will Miller (1997) believe that it is demand for non-white American families to participate in elections in order to obtain equal representation that they are straightaway lacking.They go on to say that political representation is the key to utmoster employment levels, and is a portentous determinant to the nonage share of professional positions. William H. Frey (1996) finds that immigrants usually encounter proudly stratified society characterized by high income inequality leaving little room for upward mobility. In addition, Paula D. Mcklain (1990) assumes that non-white American families will go to reside in economic crisis economic subcultures that are institutionally incomplete if they are represented at much lower ratios relative to the population portions of whites.Susan Welch (1990) has found that nonage groups discombobulate not until now achieved half(a) their population proportions in political elections. These numbers are even lower than what they were a decade ago. She states that new(prenominal) factors that lead to low political participation within minority groups is that a substantial number of non-white American families are not citizens, and therefore are not eligible to vote. Also, Massey has found that America enacts policies that hinder the socioeconomic status of immigrants for they are underrepresented at virtually all levels and institutions in United States government.Moreover, Friedberg and Hunt (1995) have found that non-white American families receive less benefits than white families because of geographic segregation within the community. The various dispersion of minority families in different low-income areas within the U. S. makes it difficult for these families to be represented proportionally. Consequently, Rodney E. Hero and Caroline J. Tolbert (1995) believe minority families can now be easily manipulated by government because they are not equally accounted for.Therefore, non-white American families are not able to get down advantage of economically developed determinants such(prenominal) as health care and retirement funds. The inscription of the Statue of liberty expresses to the world to give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to happen free. America continuously contradicts itself on the validity of this concept due to the increasingly economic accent amongst Caucasian and non-white families. Friedberg and Hunt (1995) give the example of Proposition 187, which makes many non-white American families ineligible for certain services such as public health.Non-white American families are not given the opportunity to take advantage of benefactors the U. S. offers to white American families. Therefore, Non-white American families lack of political participation, and unequal re presentation in governmental institutions and legislative bodies, leads them to be less economically developed than white American families. Education is another prohibition to economic development that non-white families face. Education is a vital tool to economic security. However, Melissa Marschall (1997) has found that online policies demonstrate minorities have been denied equal access to education.She has found that assignment systems based on assessments of language deficiencies or other individual needs are used to separate non-whites from whites. According to Jeffrey J. Mondack and Diana C. Mutz (1997), inequitable work pay is equally detrimental to non-white students. Funding for public shoals comes from property taxes. They go along to say that predomintly non-white schools tend to be in central inner city school districts which have a smaller property tax base. In addition, the Office of Civil Rights has identified practices that are termed second generation school discrimination.Practices such as ability grouping, suspensions, and tracking may appear on the surface to be normal educational practices. When examining these components closer, Brick Kerr and Will Miller (1997) have found they have a negative impact on minority students. Ability grouping is a form of segregation that separates minority students from whites. They have found that before even attempting to teach non-white students, they are diagnosed with having linguistic or intellectual problems. The students are therefore required to take supernumerary and bilingual classes, making it difficult for them to succeed.According to Robert E. England (1986), non-white students are many times pulled out of regular classes and placed into bilingual classes lone(prenominal) on the basis of ethnicity rather than their understanding of English. Brick and Miller go on to explain that suspensions are a second tactic used to encourage the failure of minority students in school. Non-white stu dents are given more harsh disciplinary sentences than white students. Moreover, studies show that the ratio of minority students kicked out of school is disproportionately higher(prenominal) than whites, making the students more apt(predicate) to drop out.Marschall has found that schools also advocate differences in ability grouping and discipline, leading to distinctions in tracking between non-whites and whites. The majority white students in high ability groups are often counseled to choose college preparatory tracks. However, minorities in low ability groups are counseled into vocational or general tracks, making them less likely to attend post-secondary education. Mondack and Mutz believe that the overall pattern of racial inequality the school system has created makes non-whites less likely to receive a quality education than whites.This loyalty makes it difficult for economic development to occur within non-white American families. The number of children in a family lead t o increased poverty levels and low economic development within non-white American families. M. Klitsch (1990) has found that minority women have children at an extensively higher rate than that of white women. Also, he states that non-white women represent a small parting of the population, however they account for a greater number of births.Alejandro Portes and Cynthia Truelove (1987) go on to say that non-white families are generally poorer than white families because of the higher number of children in the home. This leads them to be more likely to live under the poverty line. In addition, Genevieve M. Kenney and Nancy E. Reichman (1998) have found the population of non-whites increases faster than whites every year due to high mellowness rates. Similarly, the two have found that fertility rates of non-whites families living in impoverished communities is near double compared to white families.Klitsch has found that non-white families have an estimated 5. 5 people to a kins folk, while white families only 3. 8. Therefore, these high rates lead to low socioeconomic status, and limited opportunities to increase economic security. According to Kenney and Reichman, the high fertility rates are due to low percentages of minorities who use contraceptives. They have also found that non-white women are less likely to have an abortion than white women. One might view this as a positive aspect.However, Portes and Truelove believe that one must take into account the over a can of minority families who have an income below the federal poverty line, which is almost one half greater than those of white families. Therefore, the high number of children within non-white American families make them more likely to experience economic wishing than white American families. There has been an abundance of scholarly search previously conducted on the economic differences between white and non-white American families. They usually consist of data sources such as the U. S. I mmigration and Naturalization Service, and the U. S. berth of the Census.The Foreign Born Population of the United States and Statistical Reports are used with the previously listed sources to compare ethnic groups (Friedberg and Hunt, pg. 5). These databases yield cross-sectional designs that develop into time series reports in order to make assumptions on variables transaction with GNP and income, proving distinct differences in the races under study. For instance, researchers assume that white families are more economically developed than non-whites. This is because the average white American family makes $44,000 a year, and the average non-white American family does not make half this total (6-7).These figures are valid in drawing conclusions about correlative relationships, satisfying important ideological factors indispensable to study when dealing with the dependent variable of race. A more effective method of analysis was a study derived from interviews in a low income Lo s Angeles county. The participants were white and non-white females. The study was conducted between January 1984 and May 1985 (M. Kitsch, 136-137). In addition, the smack consisted of a three-stage cluster of census tracks, blocks, and household addresses.This cross-sectional design embodied research dealing with fertility rates of different races. The minority women confirmd to have higher fertility rates in low income sectors, leading Klitsch to question the different ways non-white American families conceptualize economic development. Non-white American families have to deal with numerous accounts of racial discrimination. It is difficult for a non-white American family to become economically stable in name of income and security plans. The reason is due to being a minority in a predominately white America.Therefore, non-white American families are less economically developed than white American families because H1 non-white American families are less likely to participate in elections than white American families. H2 non-white Americans are more likely to be discriminated against in school than white Americans. H3 the more children in a household, the more likely a family will be economically deprived. Implications and Conclusion Education, political participation, and the number of children a family has all affect the levels of economic development within the household for white American families.Even though education levels has a stronger affect toward higher levels of income, when the three variables are measured together, they are all highly statistically significant. In non-white American homes, education levels appears to be the key determinant of their economic status. Further test need to be measured in reference to how the number of children a family has and political participation affect the economic security of non-white American families. With this, the above hypotheses will prove to have more validity.However, in both cases it was importan t to measure education, the number of children a family has, and political participation together in order to understand the affect these variables have on each other, and how this affect leads to higher or lower levels of economic development within the family. These multivariate studies are also important in predicting the affect the independent variables will have on total family income in the future. It can be expect that the highest year of school completed will continue to have a strong affect toward economic development in the future for both white and non-white American families.In addition, the number of children in a white American family and their political participation are significant variables to measure when determining their economic sales booth in future years to come. There are alternative approaches to identifying explanations to why non-white American families are less economically developed than white American families. One example is the difference in income between non-white and white American families who have single parents and ones that have two parents.Another alternative approach is identifying education as only an antecedent variable, and observing how it relates to occupation, the true independent variable under study. From here, one can be how economic development is related to a persons occupation within the home. As anyone who walks the streets of Americas largest cities knows, there has been a profound transformation of different ethnic cultures within the United States. The adroitness of the change has led to growing ambition of economic development between white and non-white American families.This competition has lead to ethnic prejudice and discrimination as the United States continues to assimilate into the melting pot for the American dream. Political participation, education, and the number of children within the home are variables that allow the transition to become a less arduous process for white American famili es. However, if non-white American families continue to do poorly in terms of economic development because of these variables, non-whites will continue to lag behind the income scale in comparison to whites. search along these lines will lead to the study of relative differences between ethnic cultures.An example is the discovery of why almost half the number of minorities return to their country of origin after experiences of economic injustice. Previous research may also benefit other analysis in the field of economics by itemizing fertility rates in terms of the higher number of non-white American families who lack the finances to properly affirm their children. These new variables along with my research can in time become valid determinants in explaining why white American families are economically better off that non-white American families.