Impact Humans Put on the Carbon Cycle free essay sample

Human are the ones putting a huge impact on the carbon cycle. Humans are tearing apart important animal territory. they are tearing down trees and moving plants, in order to add house, expand and make buisneses. Since they are expanding the area and then bringing in more humans in return we use more of our fossil fuels increasing the carbon dioxide into the air. For example just recently near my house the were adding on to the hospital. That involves clearing out acres and acres of land just to begin the process of laying foundation. While doing this the construction companies used a lot of heavy machinery that released carbon dioxide into the air. Once construction was complete they did replant some plants and trees all around the building and parking lot, not as many as there were but they at least attempted to add some back in the area. Phosphorus is in fertilizers that us humans use. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact Humans Put on the Carbon Cycle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Phosphorus mines are found all over the United States and humans turn it into products, such as fertilizer, detergents, animal feeds as well as other products. When we use a lot of phosphorus we are taking the chances of it ending up somewhere. That some where is usually in bodies of water. Lakes, ponds, rivers and oceans, which can not be healthy for the animals. When it gets into the water it can cause algae and bateria growth to increase, not only is that too much for the fish to live in, but phosphorus alone can kill the fish. When farmers use fertilizer what contains phosphorus it eventaully gets washed away from watering the crops as well as rain. Where does water run? Into bodies of water, the bodies of water such as again lakes, ponds, rivers and oceans. This makes a unhealthy water enviroment for the fish damaging the water and can harm and or kill the fish. The fish are usually used as a food source for families and they are now not a healthy source of food. When it comes to nitrogen, humans again have a large impact. Human are crop growers, big portion of crops are peas, soybeans and beans, those crops take nitrogen from the air we use, which then increases nitrogen. Crops we see more often like potatoes, wheat and mainly corn, these are the that dont use nitrogen from the air, instead use fertilizer with nitrogen. This is increasing our own being and instead causing harm to the enviroment. Back to phosphorus causeing harm to the lakes, rivers. ponds and ocean nitrogen does the same. Nitrogen can kill the fish and some vegetation in the lakes, rivers ponds and oceans. This can also cause harm on us humans, if we ingest it. If a farmer used nitrogen infused fertilizer, it can end up in a near by lake or pond, and cause harm to the water. Now if he is a fisher as well as his family and they eat the fish before they die, the family can become sick considering the fish were harmed.

Explain and critically discuss by reference Essays

Explain and critically discuss by reference Essays Explain and critically discuss by reference Essay Explain and critically discuss by reference Essay Explain and critically discourse by mention to the construct of builder s liability in carelessness, with full and appropriate treatment of instance jurisprudence, the intents and map of and practical justification for indirect guarantees in the building industry: The liability of a builder and their sub-contractors can be seen in regard to basic carelessness jurisprudence, the JCT and indirect guarantees with interested 3rd parties. This treatment will discourse the basic carelessness and contract rules under the JCT and how this applies to the builder, sub-contractors and the proprietor of the edifice. It will so concentrate on indirect guarantees and how these protect interested 3rd parties, in regard to carelessness and contract rules. The JCT has a double function in building and planning jurisprudence, the first to guarantee that sub-contractors do non mistreat the rights of the original contract between the building house and the proprietor of the belongings. The other function is to guarantee that the sub-contractor or contractor do non conflict the demands as set by the planning section, every bit good as planning and environmental ordinances. The undermentioned treatment will see the recent alterations in the JCT, every bit good as protecting the environmental and planning ordinances. One of the chief jobs when covering with sub-contractors is who is apt for defective work, the contractor or sub-contractor? In relation to the original contract between the proprietor of the belongings and the contractor the contractor is apt because they have employed the sub-contractor to make the specified work and if it is defective the owner’s contract is with the contractor and can non action a 3rd party, i.e. the sub-contractor. However the contractor will hold the ability to action the sub-contractor for defective work, as they have made a direct contract with the sub-contractor. However in relation to breaches of environmental or planning ordinances the path for departmental action is non so convoluted, because the planning and/or environmental sections can action the sub-contractor straight. The indirect guarantee, which has been strengthened with the protection of 3rd party to contract Torahs will exemplify a instance when the proprietor can be protected against the sub-contractor if this is signed between the two parties. This is because the collateral guarantee binds the sub-contractor to a party outside the contract. In add-on the contractor and sub-contractor can be bound to renters of the edifice, by indirect guarantees, if an interested 3rd party. Then the regulations of carelessness and contractual responsibilities are merely the same as between the contractor and the proprietor o f the edifice or in the instance of a sub-contractor and contractor. The footing of utilizing of a indirect guarantee to adhere 3rd parties in the edifice industry was with the determination of Woodar Investment Development Limited V Wimpey Construction UK Limited [ 1 ] , Lord Scarman stated that he hoped the instances which stand guard over this unfair regulation would be reviewed, where indirect guarantees were seen as valid contracts. Yet without this the 3rd party is non bound and it indicated the demand for legal reform, which occurred in 1999. In add-on action can be taken against the contractor for the actions of the sub-contractor because they employed them to execute the work ; therefore a causal nexus can be created to the direct breaches or negligent breaches of environmental or be aftering jurisprudence. The contracts between contractors and sub-contractors are regulated by the JCT, whereby specific signifiers and information, every bit good as mediation and actions are taken through this organic structure. The formation of this organic structure was to make a cohesive construction for traffics between contractors and sub-contractors. The instances that have been expeditiously been dealt with have included deceit [ 2 ] ; arbitration by an adept [ 3 ] ; contract disputes [ 4 ] ; 3rd party differences [ 5 ] ; environmental issues [ 6 ] ; amendss between the parties and 3rd parties [ 7 ] ; negligence [ 8 ] ; and the inquiring of a nexus between the contributory carelessness between contractors and sub-contractors. [ 9 ] In the instance associating contractor’s liability with sub-contractors it was found that it did non do concern sense to happen both parties liable merely those who had straight contributed to the leaks ( the sub-contractors ) these leaks caused considerable harm to the belongings every bit good as environmental harm. However because the individuals apt for the leak were sub-contractors and non employees therefore the contractor played no direct nexus to the harm caused. This makes really small sense because if the sub-contractors were direct employees so the contractor would be apt ; how different is this for a sub-contractor, because the contractor in world employs them? The undermentioned subdivision is traveling to see some recent developments in environmental jurisprudence, which ensures that all parties involved are someway apt for environmental harm, hence making a possible case in point in associating contractors to the sub-standard work of sub-contractors. However u nder traditional JCT jurisprudence a contractor would non be found apt for defects in a edifice unless physical hurt is evident and merely hold to transport out fixs to a point where the edifice is equal for its intended usage: A builder is non apt in civil wrong for the cost of rectifying defects in a edifice constructed by him if the defects do non present an at hand menace of physical hurt to the edifice s residents and the lone intent of the remedial plant is to render the edifice tantrum for its intended usage[ 10 ]. This seems to be the present tendency in English tribunals, nevertheless to supply a nexus from the liability of a sub-contractor to a contractor may turn out to be a spot excessively far for the English tribunals, particularly if there is no governing from the European tribunals because a batch of the consumer and occupier protection determinations have originated from Europe. However without the opinions coming from Europe there is the possibility that there will merely be enforcement for the sections of planning and the environment against the sub-contractor and non the contractor, which is the antonym for the proprietor of the edifice. The JCT creates comprehensive protection for the contractor, sub-contractor and proprietor of the belongings, but is less equipt to guarantee that all environmental and planning ordinances are adhered to. If there is a breach of planning and environmental ordinances, either by the contractor or sub-contractor the appropriate section has to acquire involved and the assorted countries of jurisprudence for action may do confusion whereby there is inefficient protection for the environment, dwellers and concerns of the community. Therefore this trumpeters that building, planning and environmental jurisprudence is non sufficient in its protection, hence either at that place needs to be a individual bureau covering with contractors and their possible breaches of different countries of jurisprudence. This seems to be the initial ground for the JCT but this seems to be focused on the contractual demands of the sub-contractor and contractor and breaches in the contract. The recent alterations in the JCT that have been made focal point on guaranting that the rights of the sub-contractor and contractor are upheld and there is no confusion in the contracts. This seems to be the focal point of the Major Project Form which outlines the responsibilities of the sub-contractor and contractor whereby: The JCT Major Project Form was launched last twelvemonth and prepared to react to the specific demands of those Employers who have in-house contractual processs and on a regular basis undertake major undertakings, and the Contractors with whom they work.The Sub-Contract reflects the format and attack of the Contract and anticipates that the Sub-Contractor will be likewise experienced in set abouting work on major undertakings and have the direction anvitamin D other resources necessary for the successful executing of this type of work.[ 11 ] The basic principles of contract jurisprudence hold that a contract is a adhering understanding between undertaking persons. The job with contract jurisprudence is when there are 3rd parties that could be affected as this means that perchance the contract is more than the understanding between the catching parties. Traditionally 3rd parties can non action against a contract ; nevertheless in the modern epoch when contracts are going wider this is non needfully the right method. An illustration is in consumer jurisprudence whereby an point is bought as a gift and because the individual having the point is non party to the contract the actions taken was limited. To counter this consumer protection Torahs were brought into drama, but this is non plenty because rental understandings or house gross revenues may besides impact 3rd parties. Therefore reform was necessary, which were cemented in theContracts ( Rights of Third Parties Act 1999 ( CRTPA ). The CRTPA 1999 appears to hold fulfilled the reforms and precautions of protecting involvement 3rd parties. In Section 1 ( 1 ) where purpose of confabulating a contract on a 3rd party is present or a term purports it is valid, which the footing of a indirect guarantee is. In Section 1 ( 2 ) it is held that if there is no original purpose so the contract will non be conferred on the 3rd party. In Section 1 ( 3 ) it is held that if the individual ( s ) is non identified by name, category, or description so no benefit can be conferred ; hence making the demand for there to be express purpose and designation of those 3rd parties that can action on the contract. The usage of the indirect guarantee holds those who have contracted to the edifice work to guarantee the safety and involvements of the 3rd party. This means that the sub-contractor may hold to subscribe a indirect guarantee with the proprietor and all renters, which means they are bound under the CRTPA 1999. It is possible to rea son that with the CRPTA that the collateral guarantee is no longer needed ; nevertheless there needs to a contractual indicant of including the 3rd party, which indicates that the collateral guarantee has merely been strengthened by the CRTPA 1999. Therefore with the JCT, CRPTA and the collateral warranty the 3rd party is protected if involvement is sufficient, which is of import for the liability between groups such as sub-contractor and proprietor of the edifice or builders and renters. Bibliography: J. Beatson, 1998,Anson’s Law of Contract ( 27ThursdayEdition ), Oxford, Oxford University Press Chappell, 2003,Understanding JCT Standard Building Contracts ( 7ThursdayEdition ), Taylor A ; Francis JCT,hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jctltd.co.uk JCT, 2004,The Sub-Contract for usage with the Major Project Form is published for JCT by RIBAE and is now available,hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jctltd.co.uk/stylesheet.asp? file=23032004120803 Lunney A ; Oliphant, 2000,Tort Law: Text A ; Materials, Oxford Uni Press J. Poole, 2000,Casebook on Contract ( 4ThursdayEdition ), London, Blackstone Prosser A ; Keeton, 1999,The jurisprudence of Tort 5ThursdayEdition, West Law Swarb, UK Law online,Construction,www.swarb.co.uk/lisc/construction Teubner G. ,Law as an Autopoietic System, ( 1993, Oxford, Blackwell ) Uff, J, 2002,Construction Law ( 8ThursdayEdition )London, Sweet A ; Maxwell Stephen Weatherill ( 2000 )Cases A ; Materials on EC Law ( 5ThursdayEd ), London, Blackstone Press

Strategic Issues and problems of Starbucks Essay

Strategic Issues and problems of Starbucks - Essay Example This is because such firms are found to generate higher revenue than Starbucks in the market. The company was forced to change its marketing strategy as it could not compete with advertisement investments made by McDonald’s. Moreover, since the economic downturn, financial analysis shows that gross profit of the company has fallen. The company since 2012 has ceased operations of more than 500 underperforming stores across markets of U.S. and many other nations. Currently, the firm lacks adequate finances to expand business in the long run. It is also found that McDonald’s has, unlike Starbucks, gained competitive advantage in business through outsourcing, R&D, distributions and sponsorships activities. At this juncture, it is analyzed that the company can only sustain in such competition by introducing new innovation process in business and product differentiation perspectives. For such expansion programs, the company needs to develop new fund raising strategies. In the contemporary world, extent of business complexity has significantly increased. Profit and revenue generation a strategy of firms in the not only depends on internal and external factors, but are also highly influenced by effectiveness of its strategic management. Presently, the restaurant industry is dominated by giant global firms like, McDonald’s and Starbucks. It is found that scope of business internationalization of these firms has increased remarkably since last few years. Through business expansion, these firms have gained impressive global market demand shares as well as augmented brand value in business. However, since the global financial crisis, McDonald’s has won over Starbucks in terms of market competition McDonald’s has invested huge amount of capital in business, thereby generating severe barriers to expand for Starbucks. From the case study is found that Starbucks is facing financial crunch in its business, at present.

The UK public sector Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The UK public sector - Case Study Example In doing so, there was a definite movement towards policies that would influence the industrial relations and the trade union movement. (Driver et al, 1998) This was followed by changing political ideals and approaches towards the public sectors in the following decades. In recent times however, it has been seen that there is significant unrest and discontent within the trade union regarding perspectives on the public sector in terms of pay and industrial relations. This paper will discuss the causes and extent of such discontent through the context of theories, events and various facts related to the civil services in general. It is imperative to first define the public sector in UK. A country's public sector generally defines the horizon on which the various developments towards progression and growth of infrastructure take place. It is also the regulating force that underscores the activities within the market and that of the private sector as well. It is no different for UK's public sector which consists of basic amenity providing bodies like the postal service, the fire department, education, health and prison service, to name a few. Any country or organisation's basic and most important resource lies with its human element. The working force behind the industrial sector is in fact the work force, popularly known as the human resources. In giving the trade unions a large and important role to play as far as industrial relations were concerned, the UK government was trying to achieve the following results: Make optimum utilisation of its workforce. Create enough scope though accelerated production for economic growth which would in turn compensate the ravages of the two world wars Keep maximum resources and service provision bodies in the public sector through a demonstration of high capacity and capability. (Driver et al, 1998) With the identification of such goals, came the emergence of the trade unions which realised that it could exploit the public sector to a greater advantage. To make use of human resources for the achievement of such goals, the UK government gave into the demands of the employees. Thus, it can be seen that the public sector was governed closely by a set of standards set forth by the trade unions in context of pay and conditions of work. The trade union was thus a body that regulated the operational sphere of the public sector as it had important roles to play in various processes like decision making and centralisation of collective bargaining methods. This was not to last though. With the advent of the Thatcher government, there was a steady change in the equation enjoyed by the trade union within the public sector. (Driver et al, 1

Psychology 14 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Psychology 14 - Essay Example Kohlbergs moral stages are applicable in different spheres of life. In explaining the situation facing the Christians, the six stages in all the three levels are used. According to Kohlberg (1984), the first level, known as Preconventional or the premoral is concerned with an individuals’ level of responsiveness to both rules their evaluative labels. It views them in terms of either their pleasant or unpleasant consequences of action. Characteristics of the first stage include obedience and punishment orientation, which major concern is on the objectiveness of the responsibility. With reference to this stage, the Christians disobeyed the law and therefore liable for punishment. The second stage, which Kohlberg described as naively egoistic orientation defines the right action as a parson’s means through which they can personally satisfy their needs as well as that of others. With personal satisfaction being essential in this stage, the actions taken by the Christians we re justified. The second level is defined by conventional or role conformity. In this level, it points out that the moral values guide a person in performing the right role in maintaining the conventional order as well as accomplishing the desire of other people but still maintaining his own right. In this level, the third stage defines the good boy or the good girl orientation, geared towards pleasing other people (Nisha, 2006). There was no need to intentions of the Christians in pleasing Nero and this meant that they were not wrong in their actions. Evaluation of the action taken by an individual is in terms of the personal orientations. The fourth stage, authority and social-order-maintaining orientation, means that the orientation of showing any form of respect to the people as a duty and maintain any form of social order did not justify the actions of these Christians in any way, and thus were supposed to be punished. The third level, the postconventional or

Roles And Responsibilities Of Trade Union Management Essay

Roles And Responsibilities Of Trade Union Management Essay Trade Union is defined in the Employment Relations Act 2008 (Appendix 1) as an association of persons, whether registered or not, having as one of its objects the regulation of employment relations between workers and employers The Trade Union or Labour Union movement is a continuous and voluntary association whose membership comprises of salary earners, employees and union leaders. Those members have bonded together motivated by a simple motto Unity makes strength. Workers will therefore utilise trade unions as their representative voice when dealing with employers or on the board of directions. Independently, the workers do not bear the power to defy the top management. Therefore they grouped and seek to institute their terms and conditions of employments. When they realised that negotiating as an individual, the manager would be more powerful, due to the fact that an individual would not matter as much a group in regard of running an organisation. According to Cunnison, Trade Union is a monopolistic combination of wage earners who stand to the employers in a relation of dependence for the sale of their labour and even for the production, and that the general purpose of the association in view of that dependence is to strengthen their power to bargain with the employers The main role of trade union is to ensure the welfare of its members such as safeguarding the interests of its members, protecting the reliability of its trade, achieving higher wages by securing economic benefits. It also optimises the working conditions at the workplace and guarantees a job security while protecting members against unfair dismissal at workplace. Through its leadership, trade union engages in collective bargaining, whereby labour contracts are negotiated with the employers. Also it acts as a recruiting manager, the Union leaders interfere with the recruitment and selection of the company, its intention is to maximise the number of employees an employer can hire. 2.2 Hierarchy of Trade Unions There is a hierarchy in Unions, we had identified; the confederation, the federations and the trade unions. Regarding the confederation, there are one main which is Mauritius Labour Congress and it is affiliated to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU).In the category of federation there are; National Trade Union Confederation (NTUC) which is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) and the Mauritius Trade Union Congress (MTUC). Finally, the trade unions which are affiliated to the NTUC; The Federation of Civil Service Unions, Federation of Progressive Unions, Federation des Travailleurs Unis, Confederation Mauriciennes des Travailleurs, General Workers Federation and Federation of Free Workers. 2.3 Structure of Trade Union The trade unions structure is divided into several parts, namely: The Annual Delegates Congress It is the authority which governs the federation. The Executive Council It comprises of one representative of each affiliates which is usually the secretary or the president and the Bureau members and two observers per affiliates. Once every two months they conduct meeting regarding applications for affiliates from trade unions and affiliation of the Federation to any local, regional or international organisation promoting the interest of the workers and to discuss disagreements between different affiliates. Meeting can be scheduled on the demand of the President or the Bureau or of the members of the Executive Council too. The Bureau It comprises of the President, the General Secretary and the eight elected members. Among them, one is the 1st Vice president and another is the 2nd vice president, a 3rd as Assistant Treasurer and a fourth one who is the organising secretary. President He represents the Federation and he is the spokesman of the federation. General secretary The General Secretary arranges meetings and draw up the minutes of the meeting. Along with the General Secretary, Deputy General Secretary and the Assistant General make up the Secretariat of Federation. Treasurer He is in charge of the accounts of the federation. Organising Secretary He is in charge of organising events like training sessions, seminars, workshop among others. Public Relation Officer He deals with the media for conferences, coverage, reports and other information that will be published by the media. 2.4 Nature and Scope of Trade Union The existence of an influential and recognised trade union is a pre-requisite to the industrial development pace of the country. With modernization in different sectors and the formation of new one such as the technological one as well as the tourism sector, human resources were required. However, mistreatment of the Mauritian labour force appears. This is where the trade union emerged; they ensured that the human rights of their members are respect as per the laws and the constitution. Trade Unions are currently considered as a sub-system which attends a precise sub-groups interest. When defending a particular sector they consider themselves as an integral part of the organisation in respect to the feasibility, growth and development of the community of which they formed part of. The influence of Trade Unions is of key importance for their members in the following ways: First, they are more effective and efficient when the need of negotiation is required between employers and employees by attempting to create a win-win situation. They facilitate the flow of communication between workers and the management, by providing the guidance and support to both of them. The Union leaders will seek a health and safety in the working environment. In addition, they also act as an educational institution; they provide different types of courses to their members. They also accelerate the pace of economic development for instance; they act as a recruiting and selecting agent for the unemployed workers, managing conflicts in the organisation, inculcating corporate social responsibilities to the members among others. 2.5 Objectives of trade unions. The main body of a trade union usually consists of individual workers, sometimes professionals and past workers. Their primary aim is to ensure that the employment conditions of employees are respected and that fair working conditions are offered. However, trade unions also engage in issues like: Negotiation Representation Information and advice Member services Negotiation One of the main targets of trade unions is to negotiate with employers about the matters affecting their members and other employees at work. If a union is formally recognised by an employer, it can negotiate with the employer over terms and conditions. These negotiations are commonly known as collective bargaining. Any trade union works to protect and advance the interests of its members. One of the ways it achieves this is by collectively bargaining with employers about the pay and conditions under which its members work. The negotiation process normally deals with matters such as working rules and regulations, complaint procedures, hiring principle, dismissing or promoting employees, workplace safety and policies etc. Some trade unions even have the power to negotiate rates of pay, bonuses for target achievement, employment conditions and job descriptions on behalf of the employees. For collective bargaining to be effective, unions and employers need to agree on how the arrangement is to operate. The objective of that collective bargaining or negotiation process is to settle with a mutual agreement also known as collective agreement between the management and the trade union. Representing Body Employees and other workers have the right to be accompanied at a disciplinary or grievance hearing. They can either choose a co-worker or a union representative. Often, the union representative, will be a workplace representative who is also a co-worker and will support the employee on the board meeting. Information and Advice If someone forms part of a union he/she can also ask them for advice. Unions are experts at solving problems at work. Trade unions provide staff with information, advice and guidance about any work related problems. Member Service Trade unions provide its members with a variety of services such as training, insurance, financial assistance and legal advices, sickness benefits, education facilities in some cases, guarantee of satisfactory work conditions in areas such as health and safety as well as equal opportunities. Voice in decision affecting Workers Trade unions act as a spokesperson for the staff. When matters concerning an individual employee or a group of workers arise, the trade unions job is to voice out the problem in order to negotiate for a solution. In case no agreement is settled or respected, the trade union members may enforce strikes or resistance to lockouts. They can also intervene in order to resist schemes of the management which reduce employment, e.g. restructuring and automation 2.6 Types of Trade Union Craft or Occupation Union. This type of union was the earliest type developed, it comprised of employees of a particular craft or skill regardless of place of work. The advantage of craft unionism is the sense of solidarity, as there is a feeling of common interest between the members. In addition, as this union bears skilled workers, they have a good economic position for collective bargaining. On the other side, more and more new mechanical devices were being developed, the need for large numbers of skilled workers decreased. One- Shop Union or House Union The one-shop union organizes all workers in the same establishment or factory. This type of union has the advantage of being relatively easy to organize because all workers share a common goal in securing a good collective agreement for their particular factory. However, as it is small, it has little bargaining power and it is easily dominated by management. Common Employer Union. 2.7 Characteristic of Trade Union Trade unions have shown remarkable progress since their inception in Mauritius and as the union is an essential and dynamic aspect of the society it bears special characteristics such as: Trade Union come together for common goals and interest The members have some materials of collective interest such as improving working conditions, better wages, benefits, job security among others. The trade unions have the right to contest a managerial decision, if they considered that their members are at risk with the outcome. Trade Union is an association of workers and salary earners: Unions are essentially a cooperative labour marketing association whose aim is to safeguard human rights on one or more labour market. In addition, they also bear a hand in the progress of the society, cultural interest and political views of its members. Trade unions have been implemented so as each sector of the working class bear a specific union. Mauritius therefore bears different Union association such as: Agricultural Research Extension Unit (AREU) Mauritius Labour Congress (MLC) Mauritius Trade Union Congress (MTUC) National Trade Union Confederation (NTUC) Trade Unions are basically voluntary organizations: Members of any trade union are voluntary in nature. They are completely free to become a member of a Trade Union or not; none is constrained to subscribe to a Trade Union. If any individual is forced to join a Union, the very essence of trade of trade unionism is defeated. Unions are egalitarian bodies: The Unions are self-governed; this is the reason why they can effectively act in our society. The union leaders are voted by the members and perform as per the Trade Union Act. The Trade Union is a continuous association Union is not a daily affair. In order to work effectively for their adherents they ask a long term membership Constant evolution in the characteristic of Trade Union With this dynamic era, the union continually update their techniques and amend their work. With new complications in the workplace, the unions need to find infinite approaches so as to serve the union members. Rapport with the Management: The unions have the responsibility to improve the employers and employees relationship. They go through the process of negotiation and collective bargaining with the direction of the members organisation concerning their problems. In so doing, the employer and employee relationship is enriched and enhance the quality and welfare of the employees. 2.8 Functions of Trade Unions Broadly speaking, trade unions perform two types of functions: Militant Function Amongst the various activities performed by trade unions is the betterment of the position of their members in relation to their employment. The aim of such activities is to ensure that all the clauses of the hiring and psychological contract are respected. When the union fails to accomplish these aims through collective bargaining and negotiation, in extreme conditions they adopt drastic measures in the form of go-slow, strike, boycott, work sabotage etc. to make the management react and reconsider their requests. Hence, these functions of the trade unions are known as militant or fighting functions. Fraternal Function Another actions performed by trade unions are to provide help to its members in needy times, and improving their efficiency. Trade unions try to nurture a spirit of cooperation, mutual aid and promote friendly relationships and sharing of knowledge and culture among their colleagues. In some cases, they also arrange for legal assistance. Besides, these, they undertake many welfare measures for their members, e.g., school for the education of children, library, reading-rooms, in-door and out-door games, and other recreational facilities. These activities, which may be called fraternal functions, obviously depend on the availability of funds, which the unions raise by subscription from members and donations from outsiders, and also on their competent and enlightened leadership. Another broad classification of the functions of unions may be as follows: Intra-mural activities: These deals with whatever happens on the site of work and has direct impact on employees e.g. wages, strikesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Extra-mural activities: These activities help the employees to maintain and improve their efficiency or productivity e.g., methods intended to foster a spirit of cooperation, promote friendly relationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Political activities: Modern trade unions also take up political activities to achieve their objectives. Such activities may be related to the formation of a political party or those reflecting an attempt to seek influence on public policy relating to matters connected with the interests of working class Other Functions Trade unions have a number of functions, one more important than the other depending on the situations; however the five main general principles developed have been: The service function The representative function The regulatory function The government function The public administration function The service function This involves the delivery of services and assistance to the union members. The representative function This implies that the trade union will act like a delegate for the members at the workplace. The regulatory function This enables trade unions to actively participate in rule-making over the workplace. This can be done either: directly multi-employer collective bargaining e.g. through the Joint Industrial Council Or indirectly through regulatory legislation The government and public administration function Trade unions engage with the government to assure that they can accomplish their respective function within the law. Trade unions also play an important role in: improving bottom-up communication in order to increase commitment of employees in meeting the organizations objectives negotiating improvements to pay and working conditions to retain the people encouraging companies to invest in training and development for better performance and personal as well as professional development of employees acting as a positive change agent thus gaining employees support for the smooth running of the organization Protecting the interests of employees by taking active participation in the management. safeguarding organizational stability, growth, and leadership

Warfare in Polygamy Essay -- Marriage Spouse

Warfare in Polygamy Introduction Marriage is a universal trait of human kinship and social organization. It probably developed very early in the course of human social history. In human society, several cultures have used marriage to carry out some widespread functions. Some people are married because of love or romance. Yet, others are married for economic security, economic contribution, heritage, or political reason. However, in spite of these general features, different cultures have developed different pattern of regulations and customs that determine prohibitions and preferences for marriage partners. These regulations and customs are also helped to shape expectations between spouses and in-laws Monogamy is the major form of marriage and is closely associated with most societies of Europe and Asia, while polygyny is found in traditional societies such as Africa. According to "The History of Human Marriage," monogamy, always the predominant form of marriage, has been more prevalent at the lowest stages of civilization than at somewhat higher stages; whilst, at a still higher stage, polygyny has again, to a great extent, yielded to monogamy" (Westermarck, 505). Yet, some polygyny can be found in more advanced societies such as Eurasia. Other regions that are associated with polygyny include Circum-Mediterranean, Insular Pacific, North America, and South America. However, the percentage of occurrence is very different in each society. Because polygyny in different society serves a different purpose, the causation for participation in collective fighting in polygyny of different society will be different. For instance, in Africa, plural marriage is far more general. According "the Factors of Polygamy in African... ...ly support that the causation for women to participate in collective fighting will differentiate across societies and countries. Reference DorJahn, V. "The Factors of Polygamy in African Demography." Continuity and Change in African Cultures.In Herskovits, M., and Bascom, W. (eds.), Chicago: 1959, p. 125-158. Goody, Jack. "Polygyny, Economy and the Role of Women." The Character Of Kinship.Cambridge University Press, London: 1973, p.175-189. Spencer, Paul. "Polygyny as a Measure of Social Differentiation in Africa." ASA Essay in Social Anthropology.Institute For the Study of Human Issues Publisher, Philadelphia: v.3, 1980, p.117-160. Westermarck, E. the History of Human Marriage.London, 1893. White, Douglas R. "Rethinking Polygyny" Current Anthropology.The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, The U.S., V 29, No 4, 1988, p. 529-571.

Bosom Friend

About my bosom friend Jenia Frankly speaking, I chose Jenia, because she is my bosom friend. Moreover, we were studying at the same school, but to tell the truth, we know each other since we were preschoolers. But Jenia became my best friend only in the 10 th form. Jenia is a slim, pleasant – looking girl of about 17. Jenia is tall; she has a strong attractive body. Jenia is always elegant; her clothes are the latest fashion. Her features are very delicate she has sand shoulder – length hair and green eyes.Her eyelashes are long and thick. Her face is oval and she has a straight nose. Jenia has got a puffy and well-cut lips and she always has a sunny smile. To cut a long story short, Jenia is very beautiful girl. But I think, inner beauty is more important than physical one. Jenia is very tactful, generous, kind-hearted, but she isn’t shy at all – she is a chatterbox and know – all. She is always ready to help her friends. She used to help me at the math lessons.Math is her favorite subject, but I am, on the contrary, hate this subject. Jenia has in a habbit of helping her parents. Jenia is a person I associate with hobby. Hobby is what a person likes to do in his spare time. Hobbies differ like tastes. Jenia and I like handmade. We are interested in felting. Moreover, we have already done several funny animals, such as red cat, lion, rabbit, penguin , panda and etc. These toys we presented to our relatives and friends. I addition, Jenia goes in for sports and she is fond of tourism.Unusual as for girl, but she was in hikes several times, exactly 11. They were different categories of difficulty, it depends of place and distance. I think, it’s exciting hobby, and next spring I’ m going to join her. Jenia always tries to do her best to help somebody when he or she has some problems. What I like in her is that she always keeps her word and never boats. There is a proverb: a friend in need is a friend indeed. And I c ould say, these words are about my friend as Jenia, because she is a true one.

Supporting Detail in Composition and Speech

Supporting Detail in Composition and Speech In a composition or speech, a supporting detail is a fact, description, example, quotation, anecdote, or other item of information used to back up a claim, illustrate a point, explain an idea, or otherwise support a thesis or topic sentence. Depending on a number of factors (including topic, purpose, and audience), supporting details may be drawn from research or the personal experience of the writer or speaker. Even the smallest detail, says Barry Lane, can  open up a new way of seeing the subject (Writing as a Road to Self-Discovery). ​Examples of Supporting Details in Paragraphs Descriptive Details in Stegners Town DumpHot Hands, by Stephen Jay GouldPoes New York in the 1840sStatus Details in Tom Wolfes Descriptions Examples and Observations Good writers provide sufficient details such as examples, facts, quotations, and definitions to support their ideas. Writers use this information, known as supporting detail, to explain, clarify, or illustrate their main points. Without such specific material, a writers ideas remain abstract and unconvincing. Experienced writers try, whenever possible, to show rather than simply tell their readers what their ideas mean.(Peter S. Gardner, New Directions: Reading, Writing, and Critical Thinking, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2005) Supporting Details in a Paragraph on Solitary Prison Cells Supermax prisons are exactingly designed to kill souls. A solitary cell (referred to as the hole or the box) is typically between seventy and eighty square feet, and prisoners are kept alone in them for twenty-three hours a day, with one hour alone in a yard barely twice the size of the cell and a shower perhaps three times a week. Practically all human contact is mediated by bars, mesh or manacles, and many cells are windowless, with an inmate’s exposure to the world outside the cell limited to the door slots through which food is passed by the gloved hands of jailers, often in the form of the loaf, a disgusting pressed amalgam of pulverized food. Cells are, in most cases, deliberately colorless (any aesthetic ingredient is considered an inappropriate privilege in an environment that seeks to level all distinctions to the basest level) and are builtbunks and allfrom bare concrete; the only furnishing is a stainless steel toilet-and-sink combo positioned to deny privacy. The l ighting is never turned off.(Michael Sorkin, Drawing the Line. The Nation, September 16, 2013) Supporting Details in a Paragraph on Baby Boomers The truth is our generation was spoiled rotten from the start. We spent the entire 1950s on our butts in front of the television while Mom fed us Twinkies and Ring Dings through strawberry Flavor Straws and Dad ransacked the toy stores looking for hundred-mile-an-hour streamlined Schwinns, Daisy air howitzers, Lionel train sets larger than the New York Central system, and other novelties to keep us amused during the few hours when Pinky Lee and My Friend Flicka werent on the air.(P.J. ORourke, The 1987 Stock Market Crash. Age and Guile, Beat Youth, Innocence, and a Bad Haircut. Atlantic Monthly Press, 1995) Supporting Details in a Paragraph on Segregation In practice, of course, the separate but equal doctrine perpetuated an oppressive and humiliating reality. To express the judgment that African Americans were inferior and that white people needed to be protected from their contaminating presence, black people were consigned to the back of the bus, directed to use distinct drinking fountains and telephone booths, excluded altogether from white schools and hospitals, permitted to visit zoos and museums only on certain days, confined to designated areas in courtrooms, and sworn in as witnesses using racially differentiated Bibles. Under segregation, white people routinely declined to bestow courtesy titles such as Mr. or Mrs. on black people, referring to them simply as boy or girl, regardless of age. Stores prohibited African Americans from trying on clothes before purchase. Telephone directories marked black residents by placing col (for colored) in parentheses next to their names. Newspapers refused to carry notices for black weddin gs.(Randall Kennedy, The Civil Rights Acts Unsung Victory.  Harpers, June 2014) Rachel Carson's Use of Supporting Details For the first time in the history of the world, every human being is now subjected to contact with dangerous chemicals, from the moment of conception until death. In the less than two decades of their use, the synthetic pesticides have been so thoroughly distributed throughout the animate and inanimate world that they occur virtually everywhere. They have been recovered from most of the major river systems and even from streams of groundwater flowing unseen through the earth. Residues of these chemicals linger in soil to which they may have been applied a dozen years before. They have entered and lodged in the bodies of fish, birds, reptiles, and domestic and wild animals so universally that scientists carrying on animal experiments find it almost impossible to locate subjects free from such contamination. They have been found in fish in remote mountain lakes, in earthworms burrowing in soil, in the eggs of birdsand in man himself. For these chemicals are now stored in the bodies of the vast majority of human beings, regardless. of age. They occur in the mothers milk, and probably in the tissues of the unborn child.(Rachel Carson, Silent Spring. Houghton Mifflin, 1962) The Purpose of Supporting Details Once you have constructed a topic sentence made up of the topic and its controlling idea, you are ready to support your statement with details. The quality and number of these details will largely determine the effectiveness of the writing. . . .As you choose your supporting details, keep in mind that the readers do not necessarily have to agree with your point of view. However, your supporting details must be good enough to make your readers at least respect your attitude. Your goal should be to educate your readers. Try to give them some understanding of your subject. Dont assume they know about your topic or are interested in it. If you provide enough specific details your readers will feel they have learned something new about the subject, and this alone is a satisfying experience for most people. Effective supporting details will encourage readers to keep on reading.(Sandra Scarry and John Scarry, The Writers Workplace With Readings: Building College Writing Skills, 7th ed. Wads worth, 2011) Organizing Supporting Details in a Paragraph Each body paragraph should contain only one main idea, and no detail or example should be in a paragraph if it doesnt support the topic sentence or help to transition from one paragraph to another. . . .[H]eres the way to organize a paragraph:Topic sentenceFirst supporting detail or exampleSecond supporting detail or exampleThird supporting detail or exampleConcluding or transitional sentenceYou should have several details to support each topic sentence. If you find that you have little to say after writing the topic sentence, ask yourself what details or examples will make your reader believe that the topic sentence is true for you.(Paige L. Wilson and Teresa Ferster Glazier, ​The Least You Should Know about English, Form B, 10th ed. Wadsworth, 2009) Selective Supporting Details Select details carefully. Good storytelling requires the purposeful selection of details. Some beginning writers include either the wrong details or more details than the effective relating of the event requires. In your narrative writing, you should select details that help you to convey to your readers the point of your essay. This is what [George] Orwell did in the passage from A Hanging [paragraphs 9 and 10]. The detail of the condemned man avoiding the puddle of water related to Orwells purpose in telling the story and to the meaning he saw in it.(Morton A. Miller, Reading and Writing Short Essays. Random House, 1980)

An Introduction to Anasazi Puebloan Societies

An Introduction to Anasazi Puebloan Societies Anasazi is the archaeological term used to describe prehistoric Puebloan peoples of the Four Corners region of the American Southwest. This term was used to distinguish their culture from other Southwestern groups like the Mogollon and Hohokam. A further distinction in Anasazi culture is made by archaeologists and historians between Western and Eastern Anasazi, using the Arizona/New Mexico border as a fairly arbitrary divide. The people who resided in Chaco Canyon are considered Eastern Anasazi. The term Anasazi is an English corruption of a Navajo word meaning Enemy Ancestors or Ancient Ones. Modern Puebloan people prefer to use the term Ancestral Puebloans. Current archaeological literature as well tends to use the phrase Ancestral Pueblo to describe the pre-contact people that lived in this region. Cultural Characteristics Ancestral Puebloan cultures reached their maximum presence between AD 900 and 1130. During this period, the landscape of the entire Southwest was dotted by large and small villages constructed in adobe and stone bricks, built along the canyon walls, the mesa top or hanging over the cliffs. Settlements: The most famous examples of Anasazi architecture are the famous Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde National Parks. These areas contain settlements constructed on the mesa top, at the bottom of the canyon, or along the cliffs. Cliff dwellings are typical of Mesa Verde, whereas Great Houses are typical of Chacoan Anasazi. Pithouses, underground rooms, were also typical dwellings of Ancestral Puebloan people in their earlier times.Architecture: Buildings were usually multistory and clustered near the canyon or cliff walls and were reached through wooden ladders. Anasazi constructed typical round or squared structures, called kivas, which were ceremonial rooms.Landscape: Ancient Puebloan people shaped their landscape in many ways. Ceremonial roads connected Chacoan villages among them and with important landmarks; staircases, like the famous Jackson Staircase, link the bottom of the canyon with the mesa top; irrigation systems provided water for farming and, finally, rock art, such as petroglyphs and pictographs, dots the rocky walls of many sites surrounding, testifying to the ideology and religious beliefs of these peoples. Pottery: Ancestral Puebloans crafted elegant vessels, in different shapes, such as bowls, cylindric vessels, and jars with distinct decorations typical of each Anasazi group. Motifs included both geometric elements as well as animals and humans usually portrayed in dark colors over a cream background, like the famous black-on-white ceramics.Craftwork: Other craft productions in which Ancestral Puebloan excelled were basketry, and turquoise inlay works. Social Organization For most of the Archaic period, people living in the Southwest were foragers. By the beginning of the Common Era, cultivation was widespread and maize became one of the main staples. This period marks the emergence of the typical traits of Puebloan culture. Ancient Puebloan village life was focused on farming  and both productive and ceremonial activities centered around agricultural cycles. Storage of maize and other resources lead to surplus formation, which was re-invested in trading activities and feasting celebrations. Authority was probably held by religious and prominent figures of the community, who had access to food surpluses and imported items. Anasazi Chronology The Anasazi prehistory is divided by archaeologists into two main time frames: Basketmaker (AD 200-750) and Pueblo (AD 750-1600/historic times). These periods span from the beginning of settled life until the Spanish takeover. See the detailed Anasazi timelineSee details on the Rise and Fall of Chaco Canyon Anasazi Archaeological Sites and Issues Penasco BlancoChetro KetlPueblo BonitoChaco CanyonKivaChaco Road System Sources: Cordell, Linda 1997, Archaeology of the Southwest. Second Edition. Academic Press Kantner, John, 2004, Ancient Puebloan Southwest, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Vivian, R. Gwinn Vivian and Bruce Hilpert 2002, The Chaco Handbook. An Encyclopedic Guide, The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City Edited by  K. Kris Hirst

Southwest Airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Southwest Airlines - Essay Example From this essay it is clear that  the successful and effective human resource practices within Southwest Airlines are also attributed to its competitiveness in the air travel business. Effective practices emanate from the leadership of an organization. Leaders must be able to motivate their staff through effective approaches.  This discussion stresses that the importance the Southwest Airlines has for training and employee or personal development is demonstrated through the creation of the People Training Department. The effectiveness of this department is revealed by the report that it presented to the executive management illustrating that the people within the company â€Å"got together and did something that was impossible†. This means that the company endeavors to develop the skills and abilities of its employees through training and make them effectively armed to provide high quality services to the customers of the company. It is through personal development that an organization achieves its goals for performance. This is because trained employees are able to increase their productivity by applying the acquired abilities and skills in the execution of work related roles. In addition, training makes employees to be motivated during their work activities. Inability to meet the demands of work activities has been found to be the major cause of lack of motivation among employees.  The fact that the company encourages its employees to have fun shows that the employees are motivated during their work encounters.

Carbon monoxide emissions from automobile related to the greenhouse Essay

Carbon monoxide emissions from automobile related to the greenhouse effect and how it negatively affects the US economy - Essay Example This discussion will examine the role automobile emissions play in global warming, briefly explain the phenomenon, its effects on the environment and the economic consequences to the U.S. The rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere are becoming increasingly disconcerting. Worldwide, â€Å"carbon dioxide emissions are increasing by four percent a year† (Miller, 1990: 450). Eighty percent of the world’s population accounts for just 35 percent of CO2 emissions while the United States is responsible for generating nearly half. Automobiles are the main cause of air pollution with toxins emitted from stacks at coal-burning electric power plants running a close second (Breuer, 1980: 70). In addition to CO2 emissions, vehicles emit carbon monoxides (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), all of which contribute to global warming (Energy Information Administration, 2004). As the balance between the CO2 levels in the ocean and atmosphere is disturbed by interjecting increasing amounts of CO2, the oceans continually absorb higher concentrations than it does naturally. The subsequent warming ocean waters are less effective in their ability to absorb CO2. At increased temperatures, the atmospheric water vapor and resulting precipitation will be proportionately higher. (Schroeder, 2007) The more rapid water recycling rate due to the greenhouse effect will result in heavier rainfall amounts and the number of extreme rainfall events. Higher rainfall rates will cause increased tropical storm intensity in addition to the warmer temperatures. Hurricanes may be even more frequent and intense than presently predicted. Scientists universally forecast that global warming will melt glaciers causing a rise of sea-levels which will hasten erosion resulting in the loss of vast areas of land. The change will bring about elevated storm